Sexual Violence

We all know that our prisons are the final point for the socially rejected criminals and violent transgressors. We know that our prisons are so overcrowded that the Supreme Court of California issued a court order to reduce the number of inmates. We know that since there are more inmates in prison the chance of getting rehabilitated are very slim to none. And we also know that the ratio of supervision of guard to inmate is extremely high. But do we know what goes on in our prisons and jails? We know we have prison gangs, drugs, assaults, robberies, and even murders in prison. But what happens when you mix an overcrowded prison or jail with violent, drug using, angry, abusive, gang related men with the average person who is in prison or jail for the first time. The result is an aggressive sexual act known as inmate rape. The fight against rape in our communities is doomed to failure and will continue to be so as long as it ignores the training grounds for rapists: our prisons, jails and reform schools. For too long, we have turned away from the rape crisis in these institutions, which now hold 1. 3 million men and boys. In most of them, rape is an entrenched tradition considered by prisoners a legitimate way to `prove their manhood' and to satisfy sexual needs and the brutal desire for power. The exact number of sexually assaulted prisoners is unknown, but a conservative estimate, based on two decades of surveys, is that â€Å"more than 290,000 males are sexually assaulted behind bars every year. By comparison, the Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that there are 135,000 rapes of women a year nationwide, though many groups believe the number is higher. â€Å"(Mezey and King, 1995).

Mark Twain: Man of Many Tales Essay

Mark Twain, the father of American literature, was a prominent figure in the writing world. He used realism in his works and created American based tales drawn from his own life and experiences. It can also be said that Twain was a humorist. Some may ask why is Mark Twain considered to be the father of American Literature? The only way to answer this question is to analyze Mark Twain, his life, and his works. Before Mark Twain became a brilliant and successful writer he was just a small town boy born in Missouri. He was born in a town called Florida on November 30, 1835. When he was young, his family moved to Hannibel, Missouri. Mark Twain grew up in the time of slavery and later incorporated his experience with it into his novels. Ever since Twain was a little boy he always loved to write. At the young age of twelve he became an apprentice in a printing shop. As years past on Mark Twain traveled frequently. He wanted to peruse his childhood dream of becoming a river pilot. When the Civil War came upon America his dream was quickly over. He returned to Hannibel and decided to enlist as a confederate solider. No matter how many dreams he skimmed through he always seemed to end up with a pen in his hand and paper to write on. In 1863, he published his first work called Innocents Abroad. His book was criticized harshly. Many critics did not want Mark Twain to pursue a career because they thought he wasn’t a good enough writer. After a few more years of traveling and trying to pursue a writing career, he met and married Olivia Langdon whom he had three children with. When his son died, Mark Twain fell into a depression. He often blamed himself at times for his son’s death. After his son’s death he published other works that were not so successful. When Mark Twain reached his middle age he started to become very successful in his writing. He published some of American Literatures’ greatest works such as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Prince and the Pauper. The works that Mark Twain wrote in his middle age years are said to be the reason why he is considered to be the father of American Literature. Some considered him to be the father of American literature based on his  representation of American life, social observations and the political issues that were happening in America. Others argue that his technique of realism helped him achieve the title of being the father of American literature. He was the first of authors to write in the vernacular, which is simple, everyday language. He was an opponent of slavery and often combined humor with scathing social commentary.† Mark Twain himself claimed, â€Å"I am not an American, I am the American.† Throughout Mark Twains writing career he became very successful. He wrote many books that today are American Literature staples. The Prince and the Pauper was published in 1882. This story tells about two young boys, similar is appearance but born on opposite sides of the social-economic spectrum. One is a Prince while the other is very poor. As they switch places, they both change. The pauper wishes to return back to the slums and the Prince becomes more compassionate. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published in January 1885. It tells the story of a boy named Huck and a slave named Jim. Huck meets Jim on an Island while escaping his father and decides to help free Jim from slavery. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer tells the tale of two young boys who become friends and witness a murder. Despite an agreement to keep the murder a secret, Tom discloses the murderer. The murderer manages to get away and begins a small adventure for the boys. In the end, the boys walk away with Gold. In most of his works the most evident form of writing he uses is realism. Realism in literary works represents the reality of the story. According to The Bedford Anthology of American Literature, â€Å"Realism sets itself at work to consider characters and events which are apparently the most ordinary an uninteresting, in order to extract from these their full value and true meaning. It would apprehend in all particulars the connection between familiar and the extraordinary, and the scene and the unseen of human nature. Beneath the deceptive cloak of outwardly uneventful days, it detects and endeavors to trace the outlines of the spirits that are hidden there, to measure the changes in their growth, to watch then symptoms of moral decay or regeneration, to fathom their histories of passionate or intellectual problems. In short, realism reveals. Where we thought nothing worthy of  notice, it shows everything to be rife with significance.† (Pg.33) Through times of hardships and doubt Mark Twain never gave up on his goal to becoming a successful writer. Many writers often have inspiration that makes them work harder for their goals. They have people who they look up to because they connect with their writing styles. Mark Twain was his own inspiration. In his novels he took his past experiences and made unique and imaginative stories. In the story The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain states, â€Å"Most of the adventures recorded in this book really occurred; one or two were experiences of my own, the rest of those boys were schoolmates of mine. Huck is drawn from life; Tom Sawyer also, but not from an individual—he is a combination of the characteristics of three boys whom I knew, and therefore belongs to the composite order of architecture.† His mother and the salves that he met as a child inspired his novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Also the character of Tom Sawyer was a reflection of Mark Twain himself. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn he based his characters on his childhood friends. He used realism in terms of showing the actual racial and political issues of that time. In addition Twain was also inspired by his surroundings. As stated â€Å"Hannibal, Missouri is a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional stories called The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Missouri was a slave state and Twain became familiar with slavery that helped him in writing his books.† Twain’s greatest achievement was what he represented as an American. The Mark Twain House and Museum best describe this American representation. It is expressed that, â€Å"†¦ how could Twain be considered â€Å"the American?† Precisely because he enjoyed the freedoms that America provides. He used our freedom of speech to question our leaders, mock hypocrisy and praise those he deemed worthy of praise. He used the freedom of the press to tell the truth, stretch the truth and create his own truth. He created the embodiment of American childhood with The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He exposed our institutionalized racism that denied rights to African Americans in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson. He was a Capitalist who started his own businesses and earned his own wealth. Twain  also, like many Americans, faced debt and imminent foreclosure. He voted his conscience and used his freedom of religion to pursue his own path toward understanding and challenging the Immortal. He embraced the American ability to invent you. How else would a Samuel Clemens become a Mark Twain? Of course, he was born in America, but he also represented America across the globe. In turn, he brought the world back to American shores through his travel writing, helping us become global citizens. He became an internationally renowned celebrity, something American culture craves. And finally, his books engendered all of the liberties that we hold dear – books that are widely read in countries where those freedoms are denied. As such, maybe Mark Twain is â€Å"the American.† One can say from his works and life that Mark Twain is the father of American Literature. His writings brought the American life and stories to readers all over the world. His style of humor and realism was a massive staple in leading the way for other writers to represent stories in a more realistic way. He fits the title of the father of American Literature because he was very much an American and very much a talented writer that brought America to paper. Sources http://www.gradesaver.com/author/mark-twain/ http://fictionwriting.about.com/od/interviews/p/marktwain.htm http://americanprofile.com/articles/mark-twain-the-father-of-american-literature/ http://www.softschools.com/timelines/mark_twain_timeline/131/ http://marktwainhouse.blogspot.com/2011/06/i-am-not-american-i-am-american.html The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain Mark Twain Biography by Susan Bivin Aller The Bedford Anthology of American Literature

Hobbes and Absolute Sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hobbes and Absolute Sovereignty - Essay Example He criticised several fields and gave argumentative ideas including sovereign governments which this work will be based upon. Sovereign is a state of a people or societies where a group of people or a person has been designated the authority to govern. The sovereign body always has control in religion, finance and military of the society. In this set up, the magistrate does not pledge allegiance to any superior forces or power and he is according to the state orders supreme. The control in the three sections by someone who has not been designated as sovereign in the social sense may as well assume the position of sovereignty. As stated by Hobbes in Behemoth, he gives a difference between de jure and de facto sovereign. Hobbes, felt that naturally the society cannot be differentiated from state of nature which is always at war. This is a condition whereby people are being forced to be in contact without an authority that is superior. The presence of the sovereign was therefore meant t o prevent this state of commotion. The erected sovereign was to be given the subject’s rights and was expected create peace by all means. The idea of Hobbes was that sovereign which is absolute had limited power specifically by power which was assumed to be greater. This power outlined rights to be forfeited and duties of the sovereign. Hobbies argument was based on the fact that a government irrespective of the state was far much better than the State of Nature. This is because he thought that absolute sovereignty as a form of government was a measure to prevent the coming back of the State of Nature and it could easily make people live peacefully, due to lack of friction in the association with each other. Hobbes gives a clear conflict between two concepts: an effective sovereign, stable and the need of peace and the denial of the sovereign the advantages listed therein. Hobbes, opinion was as a result of the attitude he had towards the England government which resulted to the civil war. For example they thought that the state could be limited in its ability to raise taxes and at the same time have the government, the government power was to be reserved in a pre-eminent manner. Hobbes outstands to be an absolutist in the view that he gives no room for revolutionary change whatsoever ideologically on the ground. One can in a violent manner plan to dismiss or overthrow the sovereign with the aim of replacing it with one that is new or change the form state. For absolutism, this is sensible. States exist with the main agenda of preventing and solving misunderstandings, confusions and conflicts, these should be done not by violence but preferably by the state. This is because the state is more organised, there are procedures and rules of conflict resolution rather than spontaneous reaction of the violent groups or individuals. Hobbes expresses his clear stand on the governments theory in his Originator of science that is Politically Authentic, De Cive 164 7 where he argued that he had finally found out a mode of rationalising a roadmap into political characters and that a new mode of science had been created by him. Hobbes studied governments that were civil by paying more attention to its central unit of operation. He compared it to humans being both social and natural and thereafter gave an extensive evaluation their forms and generation. Hobbes reasoned that

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Global warming - Research Paper Example By definition, global warming refers to the average increase in air temperature of the globes surface and ocean. This increase has been estimated to have started in 1950. A term used as a synonym for global warming is climate change. According to facts it is a clear and unmistakable fact that the earths temperature is rising. Global warming is not just about two different summer seasons, but it involves changes occurring on the environment, weather and atmosphere. It is thought interms of decades and not seasons. The term global warming can be misleading as it can be wrongly thought to mean that thing are going to be hotter, yet in some cases situations are stormier, drier, or colder. Due to the fact that all things are linked such as temperature, wind and rain, global warming affects the earth in regards to both biology and hydrology. Each year in the past 37 year has experienced warmth that is higher than that of the 20th century on average. The earth has experienced the 12 warmest years ever in history with 2012 being the hottest year ever recorded in the United States. The average surface temperature increase has been over one degree Fahrenheit from 1800s with the last three decades being the worst (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2014). As observed by scientists, the earth’s history on variability is vast with instances such as the cold temperatures compared to ice age, to being as hot as easy bake oven. As projected by scientists, temperatures are expected to increase by an average of 2-11.5 degrees Fahrenheit’s by the end o f 21st century (Trimarchi 2014). As stated by Environmental protection Agency, the earth’s temperature is a balance between the suns heat that leaves and the amountstays on the planet. The earth becomes warm when it absorbs heat from the sun and it is made cooler when the suns heat is reflected back. A lot of factors are responsible for earth’s energy balance, some of which include variation in the green house

Advertising and media in the marketing environment Lab Report

Advertising and media in the marketing environment - Lab Report Example The company is headquartered at Herzogenaurach, Germany. The company was founded by Adolf Dassler in the year 1924. Market capitalization of the company is $13.30 billion as of 2011 (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Porter Five Force Purchasing Power of Buyer Buyer power in the industry has weakened due to individuality of customers. Individual consumers lack in financial strength to affect business strategy of large manufacturers such as Nike, Puma, Adidas and others. Buyer power is low due to following factors: (Source: Marketline, 2012) Power of Supplier Sportswear industry is complemented by three inter connected themes such as innovation, research & development and adoption of style trend. In many cases it has been observed that Nike and Adidas design their sportswear in counties like USA, UK and other developed countries but subcontract manufacturing process to developing countries such as China, India and South Korea. Partial control over forward and backward integration of value chain d ecreases power of retailer but increases power of supplier hence it can be said that supplier power is strongNew entrants need to form a new company and diversify their business in order enter sportswear industry. New entrants need to establish strong distribution channel and sustainable logistics framework. New entrants need to invest huge amount of money on setting up logistic division while revenue growth is not very exciting. Risky condition of business and high start up cost have created high entry barrier for new entrants. (Source: Marketline, 2012) Threat of Substitute Online retailers such as eBay, Amazon has emerged as major competitor for brick and mortar sportswear retail channels. In many cases it has been observed as e-business companies are selling branded sportswear to customers without mentioning mark-up difference and technical knowhow. This situation creates negative image about the brand such as Adidas, Nike or Puma in the mind of consumer hence it can be said tha t threat of substitute is high. (Source: Marketline, 2012) Competitive Rivalry Companies like Nike, Puma and Adidas are trying to compete with each other at every aspect of sportswear products. Presence of online and offline retailer has intensified the completion while switching cost is low for customers because branded companies do not provide incentives to them. Based on the situation it can be inferred that competitive rivalry is high in the industry. (Source: Marketline, 2012) PESTLE Political Environment Adidas need to work in coordination with Political Action Committee (PAC) in order to handle government issues of particular country (Curtis, 2010, p. 43). Economic The world is going through economic crisis such as Eurozone sovereign debt problem and recession. These two events have dampened the growth of economy (Lynn, 2010, pp. 94-104). Adidas need to

Answer the two questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the two questions - Essay Example s the executive sword (commander in chief of the country’s armed forces) and the legislature purse (which endorses all the government’s spending measures and tax). The only thing the judiciary possesses is the ability to judge. Because of its weakness, it is protected from the other two branches of the government (the legislature and the executive) by the U.S. Constitution. According to Hamilton, making the judges permanent through the Constitution makes sure that they cannot be changed according to the executive’s or the legislature’s interests (law.jrank.org, 2011). In conclusion, the Federalist 78 aimed at making sure that the judiciary was protected from interests of the executive or the legislature. This is because it was the weakest of the government branches and it did not possess the purse of the legislature and the sword of the executive. The only power left for the judiciary was the ability to judge. In Hamilton’s essay Federalist 78, the judiciary was supposed to be provided with the judicial review power. This is to enable it to declare laws that deemed unconstitutional as not binding (law.jrank.org, 2011). The judicial review power is important for the judiciary since it is the one that is capable of interpreting the law and the constitution. In other words, the judicial review power serves the purpose of protecting the particular privileges or rights of the American people. The purpose of the judicial review power given was to protect the particular privileges or rights of the people as indicated in the Constitution. In order to protect these rights, the judiciary has to be given the judicial review power to declare any law that is unconstitutional null and void. There are other people who claim that the judiciary has been given power superior to that of the executive and the legislature. However, the people’s power is superior to that of the government branches, and the role of the judiciary is to make sure that the legislature does

Gene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gene - Essay Example will be joined with plasmids cut by the same restriction enzymes through their compatible and matching sticky ends, producing a recombinant DNA molecule, which will be inserted to an appropriate host cell. Plasmids can either be bacterial, viral, bacterial artificial chromosomes, yeast artificial chromosomes, or artificial cosmids, depending on the host organism of choice. Plasmids can also be classified based on its function, such that there is a certain set of vectors that can be used if the goal of the experiment is to only propagate the gene, as is the case for this particular study. However, vectors that allow expression of particular gene into the corresponding protein are also available as well. The growth in the population of host cells containing the recombinant DNA molecule will also result to the replication of the gene clone. As added optimizing measure, aside from the G6Pase sequence and restriction sites, the vector also contains resistance genes against antibiotics. Thus, those that do not have the recombinant DNA molecule will be killed by antibiotics, allowing the transformed cells to flourish better. When the clone is needed for further analysis, it can easily be extracted out of the cell (U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program, 2009). It is important to note that the mouse genetic material is very similar to that of humans. Thus, a known mouse G6Pase sequence can be used in hybridization as the heterologous probe in identifying the human G6Pase (McClean, 1997). How will this work? Briefly, human DNA sample will be treated with restriction enzymes to cut the long strands into smaller fragments. After doing so, the treated extract will be run through gel electrophoresis to separate the smaller fragments by weight. Then, using the mouse gene attached to a dye as heterologous probe, the strand which contains the human G6Pase will be detected and isolated. Copies of this isolated gene can be amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Walden University Writing Center - the Temple of Writing Research Paper

Walden University Writing Center - the Temple of Writing - Research Paper Example In addition to these, the centre provides a grammar check facility, and to maintain academic integrity, there is a plagiarism detection tool integrated called Turnitin. Above all, the website gives a detailed description about writing in APA style. Walden University Writing Center: The Temple of Writing The online writing center of the Walden University introduces a student to what is known as the scientific way of writing. It offers the possibility of exploring APA style and formatting, taking up writing courses to improve one’s writing skills, participation in webinars, tutoring from professionals in the field of writing and expressing their views in the blogs of the writing center. The webpage is equally useful for a beginner as well as an experienced author. It caters to the individual needs of each student. One of the most attractive features of the writing centre is getting individual feedback from the Walden staff on the works the students upload on the site. A Step by Step Guide to Writing For an undergraduate student Walden University writing centre is a step by step guide unfolding the solutions to various problems he/she may come across while preparing his/her assignments. It provides an orientation to what exactly the assignment is about, the keywords to be searched, common writing terms in an assignment, thereby making the student develop a clear understanding about his/her assignment. The site provides training in preparing discussion posts. Though they are mini-essays they require ultimate attention and alertness as in preparing a research paper. There are options for preparing collaborative assignments which can improve a student’s ability in communication, time management, and delegation. As a beginner in writing, an undergraduate student definitely finds the writing guidelines very appropriate and useful as he/she progresses through the course. In addition to these services, the Walden University provides services like one to one tutoring and live webinars. Students are permitted to access Knowledge Area modules and work on it. In addition to these services, the student gets an opportunity to deal with capstone studies that give extensive help in improving one’s research paper. Individualized Learning The most interesting feature of Walden writing centre is one on one tutoring. Here the student makes an appointment with the tutor of his choice; then uploads his work for the review along with the instructions on areas to be focused on. Within 2 days the student will receive a feedback from the tutor. The feedback will include resources and suggestions on grammar, APA style adherence, basic formatting and regarding the flow of writing. The students are requested to submit their papers before 5 am EST on that day. The aim of this service is not to fix the errors in a paper but to improve the writing skills of the students. So the students should make sure to incorporate these suggestions in the next pap er they work on. Another very useful and vibrant service is the live webinars the centre provides. These are discussions on subjects relevant to perfecting one’s writing skills. There is a webinar archive which provides the details of past webinars. Making an Appointment To make an appointment with the tutor of your choice the student is requested to log on to ‘my Walden portal’. Click on the Academics tab, click on schedule an appointment and then tutor tab.        Ã‚  

Managerial Enterprise Theory Presented by Alfred Chandler Essay - 5

Managerial Enterprise Theory Presented by Alfred Chandler - Essay Example The report starts with a short description of the theories proposed by Chandler followed by a discussion of how the theories proposed by Chandler are applicable in the modern corporate setting. The relationship between the strategies proposed according to the theory and the structure of modern economies are identified and explained. Also, a section of the report includes drawing references from the national patterns of management enterprises so that a parallel can be drawn between the theory proposed by Chandler and the importance of these theories in the 20th century corporate and managerial enterprises. The advantages, as well as the shortcomings of the theories proposed by Chandler, are identified and analyzed in detail. The report is concluded by drawing suitable inferences from the analysis and by proposing suitable arguments in favor of the views as per the analysis. The theory postulated by Chandler deals with the functioning of managerial enterprises. As per the view of Chand ler, the managerial enterprises refer to the big scale industrial companies in which the crucial investment and operating decisions are taken in a hierarchical manner in which a number of salaried executives and managers propose the basic decision propositions and the final decisions are taken by a governing body which is the board of directors of the company. The key logic behind Chandler’s theory of managerial enterprise is that the necessary investments in the production, management, and distribution of the enterprise are made with the aim of achieving economies of scale and benefitting from the learning curve for organizations. The main strategic intent of investment decisions is based on creating a dominating presence of the enterprise within the industry in which it operates. In this context, the economies of scale refer to the benefit of a company that the cost of production per unit decreases as the production output volume of the enterprise increases.

647 W7 assign Project Monitoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

647 W7 assign Project Monitoring - Essay Example The third stage responds to any issues or problems detected. The fourth and final stage is outbound communication, keeping people aware of what has happened in the project† (p. 295). For the implementation of mobile application, project proponents are assumed to have undertaken the first stage, which is the collection of information for the current project status. Given that everything stipulated in the implementation phases have been completed, except for integrating thw NLMS to the students’ mobile devices, the information needed to be collected are the access points (mobile numbers of the students) to link their devices to the university’s database. After securing this critical metric, the mobile application with access credentials would be activated, as planned (second stage). Under the third stage, there should be a period to be allotted to address any concerns, issues, or problems related to implementation of mobile application. If any student complaints of the inability to access the site, then, appropriate measures should be undertaken to correct this. Finally, an official memorandum should be issued by the Project Manager to all students, faculty members, support personnel, and the board of directors to communicate that multiple phases, including the mobile application, has been undertaken and is currently duly working according to plans. Another method to communicate the results would be through a formal report to the board of directors or through project status meetings (Kendrick, 2003). The progressive case study was an effective method to inculcate theories from the required textbook to practical applications, using GU as the simulation for real-life scenario. The case study was structured in a strategic manner to enable students to focus on needed concepts, depending on the topic areas that should be imbibed as consistent with the learning objectives of the course.

The perception of freshmen computer engineering students Essay Example for Free

The perception of freshmen computer engineering students Essay Poverty is one of the biggest concerns that our world encounters at present. Many solutions have been made to alleviate this problem but none of them seem to work. Everyone thinks that overpopulation is the reason behind why the populace lives in a life of insufficiency. Because of this common thought, the United Nations Organization (UNO), in collaboration with the World health Organization (WHO) started to inform the people concerning reproductive health and everything tied with it. The UNO and WHO thought that this would be the answer to overpopulation. By informing the people about natural and artificial family planning methods, it will be of great help in minimizing and controlling the birth rate. In this world with over 7 billion population, in the years that passed by, we cannot negate the fact that our world will be occupied to spilling level soon. And because of this, poverty might be a greater issue. Our country is considered a third world country. This only indicates that most of the people living in this nation are below average. According to United Nations World Population Prospects, the Philippines is ranked 12th among countries with large population. And to overcome this problem which results to poverty, many programs and solutions were made and one of them is the Reproductive Health Bill which was signed into law on December 21, 2012 and now known as Republic Act 10354. It is an act providing for a National Policy on Reproductive Health, Responsible Parenthood and Population Development, and for other purposes. It is also an act which guarantees universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. It is also an act aiming to fight against poverty. But as a Christian country, the Catholic Church emphasizes the rejection of the RH Law. The Catholic Church strongly opposes the said act. The Catholic Church pointed out that the opposition was not about a Catholic decision but a deliberation of the â€Å"fundamental ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people† (Sison 2011). There are also many people and agencies that are against the RH Law. Even so, the Congress, the Senate and the President of the country believe in its potential to answering problems on overpopulation. Saint Mary’s University, as a Catholic School, and a center for excellence, has also a side in this issue. The young students must be knowledgeable of what is going at present. The RH Law is a current issue and a good subject to deal with. Every individual should involve himself in present concerns. Dr. Jose Rizal once said that young people are the hope of the nation. In this context, everyone must know the position of every youth. This study was conducted in order to know the perception of youths particularly the freshmen Computer Engineering students toward the RH Law, if either they say Yes or No. Statement of the Problem Reproductive Health Law is a timely issue and a good subject to talk about. Students who belong to different gender, religion and cultures of Saint Mary’s University should be involved in it. This study was conducted to know the views of freshmen Computer Engineering students towards RH Law and its benefits. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the perception of students towards the Reproductive Health Law (Republic Act 10354) and its benefits? 2. Is there a difference in the perception of students in terms of: a. Gender, and b. Religion? Conceptual Framework Figure 1. Conceptual Framework The study is about the Reproductive Health Law. This topic was chosen for it is timely and a good subject to talk about. The perception of the students will be known through the perceived benefits of the Reproductive Health Law. As the study goes further, the researchers will determine the relationship of gender and religion on the perception of the respondents. Significance of the Study This study was conducted to help people widen up each and every individual’s mind setting about our society nowadays. This study will relatively serve the following. The Students. This study will be of great help to them in becoming aware and knowledgeable about the current situations. This will also help the students to think of their stand on the subject of this study. The Church. The results of study will help the church become aware of the thoughts of the young generation particularly the students. The Government. The results of this study can be one of the basis of the government to know whether the implementation of RH Law is significant or not in the present times. The Future Researchers. This study will also be important to the researchers that will study the same subject in the future. With this study, it will help them think of the ways to improve this research. Because the topic of this study is a current issue, with its limited resources, the results will be helpful to them. Serving as a supplement to their study. Scope and Delimitation This study is only about the perception of the young generation particularly the freshman Computer Engineering students of Saint Mary’s University towards the Reproductive Health Law (Republic Act 10354). This is conducted during the second semester of the School year 2012-2013. Moreover, this study is also conducted to determine if there is a difference in the perception of students in terms of their gender and religion. Other students of different courses are not included for easier data gathering process. Definition of Terms The following terms are defined operationally to facilitate comprehension of the study. Bill. This term in the political process refers to a proposed law placed before a legislative body for examination, debate, and enactment. Law. This term refers to body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation, judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the behavior of its members. Perception. This refers to the view, opinion, and stand of the respondents towards the benefits of the RH Law which reveals if they disagree or agree with the subject. Reproductive Health. This term refers to the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health or sexual health/hygiene, that address the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life. Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY Research Design This study used descriptive and survey type of research in determining the perception of the respondents. It aimed to find out if there is a difference of the respondent’s views in terms of gender and religion. Understanding the sections of the Consolidated Reproductive Health Law and classifying the benefits of the Law made it descriptive. The study was made a survey type of research because of the manner of data gathering. Research Environment This study was conducted at Saint Mary’s University, a Roman Catholic institution owned by the Belgian missionary congregation CICM located in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. This learning institution is comprised of 8 college departments, namely School of Engineering and Architecture, School of Accountancy, School of Business, School of Health Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, School of Public Administration and Governance, School of Education, and School of Computing Science and Information Technology. Subjects of the Study The participants of the study are the freshmen Computer Engineering students of the Engineering and Architecture Department of Saint Mary’s University S.Y. 2012-2013. The researchers randomly chose 40 respondents. The participants are 28 males and 11 females. They are again classified according to their religion. There are thirty (30) Roman Catholic respondents, five (5) Born-Again, four (4) United Methodist, and one (1) Jehovah’s Witnesses. Research Instrument This study used questionnaires. The questionnaire contained the benefits of the Reproductive Health Law as stated in the sections of the Consolidated RH Law. The sections which the benefits were derived from are the following: Data Gathering Procedure Figure 2. Data Gathering Procedure Everyone was given the task to get information about our subject in the library. The researchers gathered data from newspapers and some used the internet in finding resources. With the information sought, we formulated our research problem. Given the needed information and the problem, we were able to create and formulate the questionnaire. The questionnaire was verified and was readied for distribution. The questionnaire was distributed to 40 freshmen Computer Engineering students. The results were gathered, classified, assessed and interpreted. Data Analysis To answer the questions, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages. The researcher tallied the respondents’ answer on component numbers 1-15 and also if it was â€Å"strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, or strongly disagree†. After it, the tallying the result were summed up. To get the percentage, the frequency count was divided by the total respondents multiplied by 100. Chapter 3 presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data This chapter describes the analysis of data followed by a discussion of the research findings. The findings relate to the research questions that guided the study. Data were analyzed to identify the perception of Computer Engineering students toward the Reproductive Health Law. The data were also analyzed in order to describe the relationship and difference in the perception of the respondents in terms of gender and religion. A total of 40 questionnaires were received, however, only 39 were usable in classifying the male and female respondents because 1 respondent did not complete the questionnaire and left the gender unchecked, and so in tallying, 1 respondent checked twice under the component number 6 making it null and void. The table shows the perception of Catholic Computer Engineering students about the RH Law. It can be seen that 13 or 43.33% strongly agree on the component number 6 (Parents will be instructed and become knowledgeable about responsible parenthood.); 20 or 66.66 agrees on the component number 5 (All serious Reproductive Health conditions such as HIV and Aids will be given maximum benefits as provided by Phil Health programs.); 11 or 36.66% are undecided on component number 2 (Hospitals will be established and upgraded.); 6 or 20% disagree on component number 15 (Unwanted pregnancies will be avoided.); and only 1 respondent strongly disagree on component number 8, 11, and 14 (Children will know the limitations in their sexual life/aspects; Individuals will have an easier access in purchasing Family Planning Supplies; and Abortion will be prevented). We can see that Catholic Computer Engineering Students supports the benefits that RH Law gives. We can infer in the table above that opposing the RH Law is one of the teachings inside the Roman Catholic Church. This implication is in accordance with Sison (2011) in which he said that there is an obvious and strong disagreement of the Catholics toward the RH law. Table 4 shows that 3 out of 4 or 75% of United Methodist Computer Engineering students answered strongly agree on the benefit of RH law which is stated on item 8 (Children will know the limitations in their sexual life/ aspects.); 4 or 100% agreed on the component number 10 (Maternal death will be lessened.); 3 or 75% are undecided on components number 5 (All serious Reproductive Health conditions such as HIV and Aids will be given maximum benefits as provided by Phil Health programs.) and 9 (Violation against women will be eliminated.); 1 or 25% disagreed on components number 2 (Hospitals will be established and upgraded.) ,11 (Individuals will have an easy access in purchasing Family Planning supplies such as contraceptives, pills, etc.), and 13 (The youth will become more responsible through sex education.); and none strongly disagreed on the benefits stated. This implies that United Methodist Computer Engineering students are pro-RH Law. This is contrary to Silverio (2012) in which she said that the non-Roman Catholic Churches in the Philippines (NCPP), which includes the United Methodist Church, supports the RH Law mainly because it dwells on the issues of responsible family and recognizing the right of couples to determine how to plan their family. Alonto, N. (2011). Unknown voice: A Muslim’s view of the RH Bill. Retrieved January 15, 2013, from http://fightrhbill.blogspot.com/2011/04/young-muslim-versus-rh-bill.html. Amores, A. Capistrano, J. (2007). Pills be with you: A comparative content analysis of thecoverage of reproductive health bill issues by the Philippine Daily Inquirer and the Philippine Star from 2008-2010. Comparative Content Analysis, University of the Philippines Diliman, College of Mass Communication.p.34. Bill. Microsoft ® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. Cabradilla,P.M. and Malaki,N.M.R. (2007). The allocative efficiency of the devolved Department of Health and its impacts on family planning. Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines Diliman, School of Economics.p.6. Diaz, J. (2012, December 3). RH fight in final stage. The Philippine Star, p. 22. Gonzales, J. (2011). Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines (Part 1): Facts and salient features. Retrieved on January 4, 2013 from the website http://politikalon.blogspot.com/2011/02/reproductive-health-bill-inphilippines.html. Introduction to Jehovah’s Witnesses. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http://www.ethnicityonline.net/jwitnesses.htm Macaraig, A. (2012). Senators approve RH bill on final reading. Retrieved January 4, 2013, from the website http://www.rappler.com/nation/18112-senators-approve-rh-bill-on-final-reading. Probert, Walter. Law. Microsoft ® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008. Silverio, I. (2012). Non-Catholic groups recognize value of RH bill to maternal health. Retrieved January 4, 2013, from the website http://bulatlat.com/main/2012/08/10/non-catholic -groups-recognize-value-of-rh-bill-to-maternal-health/. Tinoco, M.L.A.K. (1999). A study on the perception of child-bearing couples on themessages conveyed by television advertisement on contraception. Undergraduate Thesis, University of the Philippines Diliman, School of Economics.p.10, 13.

Discuss symbolism and its effectiveness in the Iliad Essay Example for Free

Discuss symbolism and its effectiveness in the Iliad Essay Symbolism plays a crucial role in The Iliad. Take for instance when Achilles already knows why Apollo is angry, but decides the fact should be stated by someone other than himself. He knows that Agamemnon will become angry once the truth is revealed. I believe that in this instance he is trying to keep his rage in check by avoiding a direct confrontation with Agamemnon so although the symbolism of anger is present it is kept under wraps. Calchas also fears for his life because he also knows Agamemnons fury is unyielding at times. However, with a great deal of encouragement from Achilles, Calchas spoke out, bravely: Beware-The gods enraged because Agamemnon spurned his priest' (106). When the truth is exposed, Agamemnon becomes extremely angry and he and Achilles argue. The argument becomes so heated that Achilles is tempted to kill Agamemnon. Achilles questions himself, Should he draw the long sharp sword slung at his hip, thrust through the ranks and kill Agamemnon nowor check his rage and beat his fury down (108). Here, Hera has Athena intervene to keep Achilles from killing Agamemnon, which shows how the gods control Achilles destiny. The argument between Achilles and Agamemnon clearly shows that the two men have different opinions about the power of the gods, what is holy or unholy, and what is proper treatment of other men. These differences are one source of Achilles rages likewise the issues pertaining to power and gods are being symbolised. Achilles is also angry at having to fight another mans battle. The Trojan War is being fought because Paris stole Helen, Agamemnons sister-in-law. In his argument with Agamemnon, Achilles points out It wasnt Trojan spearmen who brought me here to fight. The Trojans never did me damage, not in the least (107). Achilles rage heightens in the argument and he declares No, you colossal, shamelesswe all followed you, to please you, to fight for you, to win your honor back from the TrojansMenelaus and you, you dog-face! (108). Achilles is also angry because even though he and many other soldiers are there risking their lives for Agamemnon and Menelaus, Agamemnon is sly enough to avoid personal injury. Achilles says to Agamemnon, Never once did you arm with the troops and go to battle or risk an ambush packed with Achaeas picked menyou lack the courage, you can see death coming (109). The Trojan War is being fought for personal reasons. Achilles rage at this point stems from the injustice that he is risking his life for someone elses cause and also for the fact that Agamemnon is a coward. The argument between Achilles and Agamemnon has deep-seeded roots of jealousy, another and symbol emotion that stirs anger. Agamemnon knows that Achilles has the respect of the soldiers and the gods; therefore, Agamemnon is always striving to prove his superiority and powerfulness to Achilles. Agamemnon agrees to give Chryseis back to the priest, but then takes Brisies from Achilles. Achilles allows Agamemnons men to take Brisies without a fight in order to maintain the respect of the gods; however, after Brisies is taken, Achilles becomes so enraged and heartbroken that he reaffirms his declaration not to fight anymore. Achilles declares that Agamemnon is to blame for the doom of the Achaean army if the day should come when the armies need me to save their ranks from ignominious, stark defeat (112). Jealousy, then, can be viewed as another source of Achilles rage. The issues being symbolised here are emotional and touching. Achilles is heartbroken and calls on his mother, the goddess Thetis. She is sorrowful when she hears Achilles prayers and weeping. Achilles knows that he is going live a short life and now feels that his life has no honor. He feels that the gods have forsaken him by allowing Agamemnon to humiliate him. Achilles wants his mother to collect on an old debt from Zeus. Thetis is saddened by Achilles heartbreak and confirms his destiny, Doomed to a short life, you have so little time. And not only short, now, but filled with heartbreak too' (114). She leaves Achilles to go ask Zeus to let the Trojan army win as long as Achilles is not fighting. Achilles is left alone, his heart inflamed for the sashed and lovely girl theyd wrenched from him against his will (115). Achilles lost love and broken heart are another source of his rage. The effect is symbolism is tangible. Rage is being symbolised through love and the impact leads to a broken heart. Achilles heart remains rigid against Agamemnon even when three of his dearest friends come and ask him to fight again. Phoenix, Ajax, and Odysseus plead with Achilles to join the battle again, but he refuses. The three make the argument that even if Achilles is angry with Agamemnon, he should still come back to the fighting to help his friends whose lives will be lost if he does not. Achilles dearest friend, Patroclus, decides to take Achilles armor and join the fighting. Patroclus is wounded in battle and then is killed when Hector waiting, watching the great-hearted Patroclus trying to stagger free, came rushing into him right across the lines and rammed his spearshaft home. (159). It is Patroclus death that brings Achilles back to the war. Now his rage is aroused by his desire to obtain revenge against the Trojan army and, more specifically, Hector. Achilles armor is lost because Hector and the Trojans take it from Patroclus dead body. This action inspires Achilles to seek Thetis help again. She has Hephaestus make new armor for Achilles. The new armor is magnificent. It is a great and massive shield, blazoning well-wrought emblems all across its surface (173). Thetis and other gods encourage Achilles to fight now. Apollo taunts Achilles while Hector holds fast outside the city gates. It is King Priam who first sees Achilles coming and is filled with fear for Hector. Achilles appears blazing like the star that rears at harvest, flaming up in its brilliance far outshining the countless stars in the night sky (177). Hector is filled with fear as Achilles approaches the city. Achilles then chases Hector around the city three times. It is divine intervention by Athena that causes Hector to finally stop and face Achilles. Zeus decides who will die in the fight as he held out his sacred golden scales: in them he placed two fates of death that lays men low (181). The scales are tipped in Achilles favor and Hector looses his life. It is very clear that the gods control Achilles destiny and influence the factors that create his rage. Why is Achilles enraged? His rage is a personal choice. He decides to confront Agamemnon. He decides to withdraw from the war. He decides to join the war after Patroclus death. However, the gods do their parts in making sure that his destiny is carried out. Thetis has new armor made for him and encourages him to fight. Apollo taunts him. Athena intervenes, first to make sure he does not kill Agamemnon and then later to make sure that he does kill Hector. Zeus weighs his fate. Rage is the spawn of many emotions. Injustice, jealousy, un-holiness, revenge, and heartbreak are emotions that sparked Achilles rage. Homers tale, the Iliad, shows how Achilles rage is his destiny. Symbolism is very effective throughout the novel. It is linked to emotions, love and rage. Works Cited Homer. The Iliad. The Norton Anthology World Masterpieces. Ed. Sarah Lawall. 7th ed. Vol. 1. W. W. Norton Company. New York, London, 1999. 104-209. Spark Notes the Iliad by Homer Spark Notes edition January 10, 2002 The Norton Anthology of Western Literature, Volume 1 by Sarah Lawall Norton; 8 edition August 15, 2005 Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers by John Schilb Bedford/St. Martin; 3 edition October 25, 2005.

Types Of Database Management Systems

Types Of Database Management Systems As we know databases are being used more than ever before to store and to access information. Due to the ease of maintenance and outstanding performance of databases, the growth of database technologies has been increasing rapidly. Moreover DBMS had thrived over World Wide Web. Different web-applications are retrieving the stored data and the answers are displayed in a formatted form using web languages like XML. This essay talks about the different Data Models for databases, and discusses their relative strengths and weaknesses. I will present the most common approaches for data modelling that are used by DBMSs (RDBMS, OODBMS, ORDBMS and XML ) giving a quick introduction to each of them we will compares and contrasts the approach treating them comparatively. DATA MODELS Database Model can be categorized according to the data structures and operators they present to the user. (Bloor, 2003) (1) E-R Model (2) Hierarchical Data Model (3) Network Data Mode (4) Semi Structured Data Model (5) Relational Data Model (RDBMS) (6) Object Oriented Data Model (OODBMS) (7) Object Relational Data Model (ORDBMS) (8) Semi-structured data (XML) Among all data models mentioned below, relational model followed by object oriented and object relational models enjoyed most popularity, we are going to define one by one and at the same time we are going to show their advantages and disadvantages. RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RDBMS) In RDBMS, all the data is in the form of simple columns and rows in a table. Each table is an individual and independent entity and we need not to use any physical pointers or physical links to connect the entities like what we used to have in network and hierarchical models. All data is maintained in the form of tables consisting of rows and columns. Data in two tables is related through common columns. Operators are provided for operating on rows in tables. Because of this, querying becomes very easy. This was one of the main reasons for the relational model to become more popular with programmers. The RDBMS structures data into relations (tables) which form a two-dimensional representation of the data into rows and columns. A relation contains tuples (rows) and each tuple represents a distinct record in the table. A tuple consists of a set of unorganized attributes (columns) providing detail for the record. Rows are assigned a unique identifier, also known as a primary key, by which the record can be accessed, manipulated, and referenced by other tables or applications. Columns store the attributes of a record, more commonly known as fields, and each attribute is assigned a data type. Structured Query Language (SQL) is identified and accepted as the standard query language and transaction mechanism for RDBMS. SQL queries can be used to access and return data from tables, define records and their attributes, and to view data from multiple tables through operations such as a join.(Dolk, 1998) Two of the most popular examples of RDBMS currently on the market are Oracle and Microsoft Access. Advantages of RDBMS In RDBMS system, the tables are simple, data is easier to understand and communicate with others. RDBMS is flexible, users do not have to use predefined keys to input information. Automatic optimization of searching is possible in RDBMS Structure Query language (SQL) is easier to learn and implement. It supports large and very large databases. RDBMS are more productive because SQL is easier to learn. This allows users to spend more time inputting instead of learning. Disadvantages RDBMS Not much efficient and effective integrated support. Do not have enough storage area to handle data such as images, digital and audio/video. Relational tables are flat and do not provide good support for nested structures, such as sets and arrays. And also certain kinds of relationships, such as sub-typing between database objects are hard to represent in this model. RDBMS technology did not take advantage of Object oriented programming concept, which is very popular because of its approach. All the data must be in the form of tables where relationships between entities are defined by values. 2.2 OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (OODBMS) As you are aware, web and Internet usage is rapidly increasing nowadays. To meet the challenge of the web and to overcome the limitations of RDBMS, OODBMS was developed. OODBMS stands for Object oriented database management system, which we can define as; it is a combination of Object Oriented Programming and Relational Database Management System. (Fong, 1997) Inheritances, data encapsulation, object identity, and polymorphism are the main characteristics of object-oriented programming. By defining new objects, we can develop solutions to complex problems in inheritance. Objects are related and shared within a network and have an independent identity. The object identity (OID) works behind the scenes to ensure the uniqueness of the tuples, which is invisible to the users. Moreover, no limitations are required on the values. If we take the same thing in RDBMS, then we have to worry about uniquely identifying tuples by their values and making sure that no two tuples have the same primary key values. On the other hand, polymorphism and dynamic binding are useful to create objects to provide solutions to the complex ones and to avoid coding for every object. These objects may be transient or persistent. By persistent object we mean the permanent object stored inside the database to survive the execution of data process and in order to eventually reuse it in another process. OODB deals with these objects in a uniform manner. To create, update, delete or to retrieve the persistent data, data definition language and data manipulation languages are important in OODBMS. These languages are also useful to define a database, including creating, altering and dropping tables and to ensure the integrity constraints in tables. Object Query Language (OQL) is the standard query language for OODBMS. OQL uses syntax similar to SQL and is rarely used since the basic functionality of queries in intrinsic to object-oriented programming languages.(Chaterjee, 2005) Advantages of OODBMS More semantic information Support for complex objects Extensibility of data types May improve performance with efficient caching Versioning Reusability Inheritance speeds development and application Potential to integrate DBMSs into single environment Disadvantages OODBMS Strong opposition from the established RDBMSs Lack of theoretical foundation Throwback to old pointer systems Lack of standard ad hoc query language Lack of business data design and management tools Steep learning curve Low market presence Lack of compatibility between different OODBMSs 2.3 OBJECT RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ORDBMS) Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) is an extended development of existing relational database system. To overcome the certain limitations and to increase the performance level, and to achieve the benefits of relational model and object model, ORDBMS technology evolved by combining the relational databases and object oriented concepts. We can incorporate our custom data types, functions, operators and methods with the database and we can store images, geographical information and multimedia objects such as audio and video, it allows us to raise the level of abstraction at which we want to view the problem domain. In ORDBMS limited support of object oriented features, mostly to new data types. Moreover, it supports abstract data types (ADTs) and complex relationships. ORDBMSs have the same query centric approach to data management as we have in RDBMS. Through declarative SQL statements, we can handle the data access and there is no procedural or object-at-a-time, navigational interface. ORDBMS allows us to continue using our existing systems, without having to make major changes. In simple words, we can say that ORDBMSs synthesize the features of RDBMSs with the best ideas of OODBMSs. (Cigler, 1999) Advantages of ORDBMS Ability to query complex applications and ability to handle large and complex applications Reduced Network Traffic queries and complex instructions can be executed on the server (as opposed to clients) Application and Query Performance Parallel server technology can be employed Software Maintenance data and methods are stored on the server and makes maintenance easier Integrated Data and Transaction Management. The database engine handles all transaction integrity, backup, etc., issues Disadvantages of ORDBMS Modeling and processing support of complex objects and their versions, large objects, semantic-rich relationships, etc. is only rudimentary or even missing in current ORDBMSs ORDBMSs have to be complemented by adequate client-side data management and long-running design transactions encapsulating the client processing model, in order to provide satisfactory support for technical applications Low performance in web applications 2.4 XML To understand XML is important to understand its roots as a markup language documents. The term trademark is any element in a document that it is not intended to be part of the printed output.. In an electronic document processing a markup language is a formal description of what is contained in the document, which part is brand and what the brand stands for. As well as database systems evolved from the physical processing of files to provide a logical isolation, the markup language specification developed from the instructions indicating how to print parts of the document for the contents.. Such functional brand allows the document to have different formats in different situations. It also helps different parts of a long document, or different pages in a large Web site, have a uniform format. The brand works also helps automatic extraction of key parts of the documents. For the family of markup languages in which includes XML makes the form of tags enclosed in angle brackets . Labels are used in pairs, and defining the beginning and end of the portion of document to which the label refers. Compared to storing data in a database, the XML representation may seem inefficient, since tag names are repeated throughout the document. However, despite this disadvantage, an XML representation has significant advantages when used for data exchange, for example, part of a message. First, the presence of tags makes the message is self documenting, Second, the document format is not rigid. The ability to recognize and ignore the unexpected labels allows the format of the data evolve over time without invalidating existing applications. Finally, since the XML format is widely accepted there are a variety of tools available to aid processing, including search software and database tools. As is the dominant language SQL to query relational data in XML is becoming the dominant format for data exchange. Where Object Databases have Object Query Language (OQL), XML Databases have XQuery which is a W3C standard. XQuery covers the major functionality from former language proposals like XML-QL, XQL, OQL and the SQL standard. (Dodds, 2010) Advantages of XML Heterogeneity: Where each record can contain different data fields. Extensibility: Where new types of data can be added at will and dont need to be determined in advance. Flexibility: Where data fields can vary in size and configuration from instance to instance. It often requires no or little work during XML Schema evolution. Disadvantages of XML Mapping your XML format to a relational schema leads to a large number of tables. Your XML Schema is highly variable or tends to change over time. Annotating an XML Schema can be complex, if the schema itself is complex. Using XML as your database will work fine as long as your datasets stay relatively small. Once your data grows to the point where it will not all fit in memory, you will probably start seeing serious performance degradation. RDBMS, OBJECT ORIENTED and XML DATA MODELS COMPARATION AND CONTRAST 3.1 COMPARING RDBMS and OODBMS Relational databases have as their objective to ensure data independence. Normalized data are separated from processing and the processing corresponding to satisfying informational requirements need not be totally pre-defined, thus accepting ad-hoc requirements too. Object oriented databases have as their main objective encapsulation, being stored together with the data and the methods. They are inseparable. It is said that we have to do with an independence of classes and not with an independence of data. An OODBMS and not an RDBMS is needed when in the reference applications we have to do with complex data. The object oriented database markets will continue to develop, but they will still (represent) only a fraction of the traditional databases. It is appreciated that RDMSs hold the largest part of the largest part of the data-bases. But the prospect is that they will still co-exist for a long time future with the OODBS 3.2 COMPARING RDBMS with the ORDBMS An ORDBMS is a relational DBMS with SQL3 extensions. SQL3 extensions include: row types, user-defined types and user-defined routines, polymorphism, inheritance, reference types and object identity, collection types (ARRAYs), new language constructs that make SQL computationally complete, triggers and support for language objects. A RDBMS is characterized by simplicity and increased stability as compared to an ORDBMS, and this fact confers it the quality of being easily used. A mechanism to plug in any user defined index structure provides the highest level of flexibility. Both DBMSs are characterized by simplicity of development owing to the fact that it provides independence of data from applications good for simple relationships. RDBMS is a mature software product while ORDBMS is an immature product (extensions are new, thy are still being de-fined and are relatively unproven. 3.3 COMPARING OODBMS with ORDBMS OODBMSs and ORDBMSs both support user-defined ADTs, structured types, object identity and reference types, and in-heritance; They both support a query language for manipulating collection types; ORDBMSs support an extended form of SQL, and OODBMSs support ODL/OQL; ORDBMSs consciously try to add OODBMS features to an RDBMS, and OODBMS in their turn have developed query languages based on relational query languages; Both OODBMSs and ORDBMSs provide DBMS functionality such as concurrency control and recovery; OODBMSs try to add DBMS functionality to a programming language, whereas ORDBMSs try to add richer data types to a relational DBMS 3.4 XML AND OODBMS XML data does not need to be instantiated as objects in OO code in order to be processed and presented to users. Instead, XML data can be decorated and enriched with tags, and these tags can be processed and understood XML Schema may seem very OO-like at the first glance, but in fact it is missing some important OO-like capabilities. For instance, there is no element-level polymorphism. OO programming is intended to optimize the programmer, not the value or usefulness of the data. XML, on the other hand, is intended to optimize the data. If you use XQuery with XML for all data representations, and never write any OO code, you optimize the datas usefulness and accessibility, because data in XML can be accessed and processed by almost any software on the market. Data in an object database cant. 3.5 XML AND RDBMS. Many developers in the search for greater flexibility think their options are limited to the relational model. Some think that store everything in XML format, reducing the difference between object-oriented applications and relational databases. The relational model is limited, limits are needed to meet the data integrity. In XML, the data structure is more relaxed but it exists. XML schemas are very volatile business, but very stable in other situations. Not being able to find a structure that adapts to a problem of a company, does not mean that this structure does not exist. XML model should be used if the data are scarce, this is to have many unknowns, or columns (fields) do not apply to all rows (records). The solution to this problem is to introduce subtypes or implement an open scheme in the relational model. Introducing subtypes can lead to many new tables, with an open schema solution in the relational model can lead to dynamic and complex SQL statements. An XML-based solution might be best. Conclusions From my point of view the future of Internet-based business applications is dependent on their ability to exchange information between different data stores or database systems. Every day more data such as images, digital and audio/video data types need to be transported from one application to another one through the Net. Because relational databases store data as two-dimensional tables, they are not ideally suited for data manipulation, since data itself may be expressed in the form of complex structures, object-oriented languages appears to be much more efficient, expressing data as objects with rich features including inheritance, polymorphism and encapsulation for maintaining relationships between objects.. However, large amounts of data across the world are still typically stored in RDBMS; when the data from an object-oriented world is persisted in a two-dimensional table format; hierarchical relationships between objects arent preserved, making persistence and recovery of data a complex task. The addition of an OODBMS in the RDBMS environment may require modifications in the existing databases in order to enable communication and data access among them. Moreover, the retrieval and search in many cases wouldnt be efficient as we expect. As we have seen in my document XMLs express purpose is to provide a mechanism for the expression of data structures so it might be a big opportunity to unify the technology providing the bridge between these two kinds of persistence systems and makes it unnecessary for example object and relational databases solutions of direct conversion between one another. Here we realise that despite the differences, the RDBMS and OODBMS could live in agreement whit XML and offer their advantages for todays e-business solutions.

The First Day :: Personal Narrative Essays

The First Day      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was a bright sunny day, the sky was a soft shade of blue and there was a slight breeze in the air. I stepped out of my moms red shiny CRX as she said ‘Good Luck' to me. I forced up a weak smile as I shoved the door, and it made a woosh noise as it closed. I took a deep breathe and started walking towards the man entrance. I thought to myself, ‘Why does the school have all the buildings seperated?'      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I slowly walked forward as I started looking at all the other kids, most were in groups and all talking laughing and smiling. I felt very small, like I was an alien who had just landed on planet Earth. I thought to myself, ‘I should be at home, with my friends talking and laughing'. But I wasn't,   I was in Rocklin, California. Id moved here at the begging of August. And I'd hated it ever since. But I was willing to give Rocklin a shot, even though ever kid I'd met in town so far had said ‘Rocklin is the worst school'. As I walked forward with the white scrunched up piece of paper that told me my classes, I tried to look like I fit in. As I looked around for my class, I noticed I was on the wrong side of the building. ‘At least I know where the main building is,' I said to myself.   The main building looked bright and cheery, like the sun.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I trudged over to the main building trying not to look at anyone,   the pavement looked really white. When I got to the main building I walked up to a Miss Kerby, sitting behind a desk and asked her if she could tell me where this building was. Instead I felt like I had just been arrested for murder. I was bombarded with about 5 questions all at once. I answered them all, and with a negative tone she told me ‘I cant help you, you need your mom to go sign these'. I felt shocked and a huge amount of anger mounting up inside me. I walked straight out of the building. I didn't need to get crap from some lady when I was trying to get used to a state that I had never been too. I walked home and slammed the front door shut, and screamed at the top of my lungs ‘I hate it here, I am moving back to Illinois with my dad!' And ran upstairs to my room, slammed The First Day :: Personal Narrative Essays The First Day      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was a bright sunny day, the sky was a soft shade of blue and there was a slight breeze in the air. I stepped out of my moms red shiny CRX as she said ‘Good Luck' to me. I forced up a weak smile as I shoved the door, and it made a woosh noise as it closed. I took a deep breathe and started walking towards the man entrance. I thought to myself, ‘Why does the school have all the buildings seperated?'      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I slowly walked forward as I started looking at all the other kids, most were in groups and all talking laughing and smiling. I felt very small, like I was an alien who had just landed on planet Earth. I thought to myself, ‘I should be at home, with my friends talking and laughing'. But I wasn't,   I was in Rocklin, California. Id moved here at the begging of August. And I'd hated it ever since. But I was willing to give Rocklin a shot, even though ever kid I'd met in town so far had said ‘Rocklin is the worst school'. As I walked forward with the white scrunched up piece of paper that told me my classes, I tried to look like I fit in. As I looked around for my class, I noticed I was on the wrong side of the building. ‘At least I know where the main building is,' I said to myself.   The main building looked bright and cheery, like the sun.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I trudged over to the main building trying not to look at anyone,   the pavement looked really white. When I got to the main building I walked up to a Miss Kerby, sitting behind a desk and asked her if she could tell me where this building was. Instead I felt like I had just been arrested for murder. I was bombarded with about 5 questions all at once. I answered them all, and with a negative tone she told me ‘I cant help you, you need your mom to go sign these'. I felt shocked and a huge amount of anger mounting up inside me. I walked straight out of the building. I didn't need to get crap from some lady when I was trying to get used to a state that I had never been too. I walked home and slammed the front door shut, and screamed at the top of my lungs ‘I hate it here, I am moving back to Illinois with my dad!' And ran upstairs to my room, slammed

Teaching Philosophy Statement Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Educatio

Teaching Philosophy Statement Every teacher has their own philosophy and their style. They believe their philosophy, themselves, and students’ abilities. They must have been inspired by brilliant teachers, in other words, they had favorite teachers when they were students. My favorite teacher was an English teacher at my junior college in Japan. When I was a high school student, I was looking for a junior college to enter after graduating high school. I took the teacher’s trial class. When I first took his class, I was moved by him. The class zipped along, and I really enjoyed it. I thought that I wanted to be a teacher like him. He has studied abroad to Radford University in Virginia in the United States, and he told me how study abroad. Then I decided to go to college in the United States, because I would like to tell my students in the future how I felt about the United States and American culture. I do not want to just teach English to students. I want students to be interested in ot her countries and communicate to foreigners with English. Now, I am proceeding toward a Bachelor of Education/ English Language Arts 5-12 at Concord College. While I do not have to have the United State’s teaching certificate to teach English in Japan, I wanted to experience a different culture. English is important to me because English is global language. I have been studying English since I was ten years old. If you speak English, you can go to the United States, England, Australia, and so on. English is the most used common language on the earth now. Even though Japanese study English from junior high school, we cannot speak English well. I think there is a problem English curriculum and content of a class. I want to... ...s more flexible than a public or private school’s. I can develop a curriculum based on what students need. After I teach English several years, I am planning to go to graduate school in Japan or Australia. I would like to get a Master of Arts at Teachers English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL). Temple University in Japan is one institution that I can study TESOL in Japan. If I go to there, I can study TESOL while I work in Japan. Additionally, Australia is country where there are many immigrants; therefore linguistics is a prosperous field of study in Australia, and a lot of universities offer TESOL. One of my dreams when I entered college in America is coming true, but the way to becoming a teacher is still far away. If this dream comes true one more, I have another dream relate to English. I would like to have passion to teach English as much I can.

The Half Husky :: miscellaneous

The Half Husky Society’s firewood A literary essay on Margaret Laurence’s ‘The Half-Husky’ by Mark Rozema What is it that determines what a person is to become? Is it our genetic makeup or is it our environment – the sum of our experiences that brings our personalities upon us? In the short, loosely autobiographical story; ‘The Half-husky’ the author; Margaret Laurence, gives her say on this. Harvey’s attitude and personality correspond with his environment; Vanessa’s attitude is in tandem with her environment, and Nanuk has both a loving and a savage side. Is this simply his nature or is it the sum of his experiences? Margaret Laurence is suggesting that it is our experiences – the environment we live in – that determine what we are to become. There is almost a direct correlation between Harvey and the environment in which he spent most of his life, more importantly the early years of his life, the developing years. Harvey is described as â€Å"lethargic† and â€Å"pallid†. This is reflective of the area of town, the environment that he grew up in; the north end of town. The north end of town is filled with â€Å"shacks and shanties†. An unhealthy environment like this saps one of their health and vitality – making them like Harvey, â€Å"pallid† and â€Å"lethargic†. Harvey â€Å"[torments]† Nanuk on a regular basis, causing him deliberate and pointless pain. He has no desired end, the pain he causes Nanuk is both a means and an end. This is the same as his home life where his aunt causes him pain when she â€Å"[hits] him across the face† with an â€Å"explosive quickness†. Harvey’s neighborhood is the kind of neighborhood where there is a mentality of do now and think later, so this is what Harvey does. Harvey is symbolized in this story by the plebeian poplar, he, like the wood is considered of little value and so is put into an environment in which there is little chance of him gaining any value. He is placed into a sinkhole, created by society. Harvey’s personality is reflective of his life experiences; he is a plebeian poplar log that is being stored outside. Like Harvey, Vanessa reacts to situations in ways very similar to the ways her main influences would react to those same situations. When talking to her brother about what to name her new dog she notices that her voice carries a â€Å"disturbing echo† of her grandfather’s voice.

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 5

Hana turned and hurried up the riverbank. The woman screaming was Sada, her mother's sister^ and the girl who was stumbling beside her was Ryl, Hana's little cousin. Ryl was a pretty girl, ten years old. But right now she looked dazed and almost unconscious. And her neck and the front of her leather tunic were smeared with blood. â€Å"What happened?† Hana gasped, running to put her arms around her cousin. â€Å"She was out looking for new greens. I found her lying on the ground-I thought she was dead!† Sada's face contorted in grief. She was speaking rapidly, almost incoherently. â€Å"And look at this-look at her neck!† On Ryl's pale neck, in the center of the blood, Hana could just make out two small marks. They looked like the marks of sharp teeth-but only two teeth. â€Å"It had to be an animal,† Ket breathed from behind Hana. â€Å"But what animal only leaves the marks of two teeth?† Hana's heart felt tight and oddly heavy at once- like a stone falling inside her. Sada was already speaking. â€Å"It wasn't an animal! She says it was a man, a boy! She says he threw her down and bit her-and he drank her blood.† Sada began to sob, clutching Ryl to her. â€Å"Why would he want to do that? Oh, please, somebody help me! My daughter's been hurt!† Ryl just stared dazedly over her mother's arm. Ket said faintly, â€Å"A boy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hana gulped and said, â€Å"Let's take her to Old Mother †¦Ã¢â‚¬  But then she stopped and looked toward the river. The men were driving the stranger up the bank. He was snarling, terrified and angry-but when he saw Ryl, his expression changed. He stared at her, his wounded animal eyes sick and dismayed. To Hana, it seemed as if he could hardly stand to look at her, but he couldn't look away. His gaze was fixed on the little girl's throat. And then he turned away, his eyes shut, his head falling into his hands. Every movement showed anguish. It was as if all the fight had gone out of him at once. Hana looked back and forth in horror from the girl with blood on her throat to the stranger with blood on his mouth. The connection was obvious and nobody had to make it out loud. But why? she thought, feeling nauseated and dizzy. Why would anybody want to drink a girl's blood? No animal and no human did that. He must be a demon after all. Arno stepped forward. He gripped Ryl's chin gently, turning her head toward the stranger. â€Å"Was he the one who attacked you?† Ryl's dazed eyes stared straight ahead-and then she suddenly seemed to focus. Her pupils got big and she looked at the face of the stranger. Then she started screaming. Screaming and screaming, hands flying up to cover her eyes. Her mother began to sob, rocking her. Some of the men began to shout at the stranger, jabbing spears at him, overcome with shock and horror. All the sounds merged together in a terrifying cacophony in Hana's head. Hana found herself trembling. She reached automatically for little Ryl, not knowing how to comfort her. Ket was crying. Sada was wailing as she held her child. People were streaming out of the limestone cave, yelling, trying to find out what all the noise was about. And through it all, the stranger huddled, his eyes shut, his face a mask of grief. Arno's voice rose above the others. â€Å"I think we hunters know what to do with him. This is no longer a matter for shamans!† He was looking at Hana as he said it. Hana looked back. She couldn't speak. There was no reason for her to care what happened to the stranger-but she did care. He had hurt her cousin†¦ but he was so wretched, so unhappy. Maybe he couldn't help it, she thought suddenly. She didn't know where the idea came from, but it was the kind of instinct that made Old Mother say she should be a shaman. Maybe †¦ he didn't want to do it, but something drove him to. And now he's sorry and ashamed. Maybe†¦ oh, I don't know! Still trembling, she found herself speaking out loud again. â€Å"You can't just kill him. You have to take him to Old Mother.† â€Å"It's none of her business!† â€Å"It's her business if he's a demon! You're just co-leader, Arno. You take care of the hunting. But Old Mother is the leader in spiritual things.† Arno's face went tight and angry. â€Å"Fine, then,† he said. â€Å"We take him to Old Mother.† Jabbing with their spears, the men drove the stranger into the cave. By then, most of the people of the clan had gathered around and they were muttering angrily. Old Mother was the oldest woman in the clan- the great grandmother of Hana and Ryl and almost everybody. She had a face covered with wrinkles and a body like a dried stick. But her dark eyes were full of wisdom. She was the clan's shaman. She was the one who interceded directly with the Earth Goddess, the Bright Mother, the Giver of Life who was above all other spirits. She listened to the story seriously, sitting on her leather pallet while the others crowded around her. Hana edged close to her and Ryl was placed in her lap. â€Å"They want to kill him,† Hana murmured in the old woman's ear when the story was over. â€Å"But look at his eyes. I know he's sorry, and I think maybe he didn't mean to hurt Ryl. Can you talk to him, Old Mother?† Old Mother knew a lot of different languages; she'd traveled very far when she had been young. But now, after trying several, she shook her head. â€Å"Demons don't speak human languages,† Arno said scornfully. He was standing with his spear ready . although the stranger squatting in front of the old woman showed no signs of trying to run away. â€Å"He's not a demon,† Old Mother said, with a se–veie glance at Amo. Then she added slowly, â€Å"But he's certainly not a man, either. I'm not sure what he is. The Goddess has never told me anything about people like him.† â€Å"Then obviously the Goddess isn't interested,† Arno said with a shrug. â€Å"Let the hunters take care of him.† Hana gripped the old woman's thin shoulder. Old Mother put a twiglike hand on Hana's. Her dark eyes were grave and sad. â€Å"The one thing we do know is that he's capable of great harm,† she said softly. â€Å"I'm sorry, child, but I think Arno is right.† Then she turned to Arno. â€Å"It's getting dark. We'd better shut him up somewhere tonight; then in the morning we can decide what to do with him. Maybe the Goddess will tell me something about him as I sleep.† But Hana knew better. She saw the look on Arno's face as he and the other hunters led the stranger away. And she heard the cold and angry muttering of others in the clan. In the morning the stranger would die. Unpleasantly, if Arno had his way. It was probably what he deserved. It was none of Hana's business. But that night, as she lay on her leather pallet underneath her warm furs, she couldn't sleep. It was as if the Goddess were poking her, telling her that something was wrong. Something had to be done. And there was nobody else to do it. Hana thought about the look of anguish in the stranger's eyes. Maybe †¦ if he went somewhere far away †¦ he couldn't hurt other people. Out on the steppes there were no people to hurt. Maybe that was what the Goddess wanted. Maybe he was some creature that had wandered out of the spirit world and the Goddess would be angry if he were Jailed. Hana didn't know; she wasn't a shaman fef. All she knew was that she felt pity for the stranger and she couldn't keep still any longer. A short time before dawn she got up. Very quietly, she went to the back of the cave and picked up a spare waterskin and some hard patties of traveling food. Then she crept to the side cave where the stranger was shut up. The hunters had set a sort of fence in front of the cave, like the fences they used to trap animals. It was made of branches and bones lashed together with cords. A hunter was beside the fence, one hand on his spear. He was leaning back against the cave wall, and he was asleep with his mouth open. Hana edged past him. Her heart was pounding so loudly she was certain it would wake him up. But the hunter didn't move. Slowly, carefully, Hana pulled one side of the fence outward. From the darkness inside the cave, two eyes gleamed at her, throwing back the light of the fire. Hana pressed fingers against her mouth in a sign to be quiet, then beckoned. It was only then that she realized exactly how dangerous what she was doing was. She was letting him out-what was to stop him from rushing past her and into the main cave, grabbing people and biting them? But the stranger did no such thing. He didn't move. He sat and his two eyes glowed at Hana. He's not going to come, she realized. He won't. She beckoned again, more urgently. The stranger still sat. Hana's eyes were getting used to the darkness in the side cave and now she could see that he was shaking his head. He was determined to stay here and let the clan kill him. Hana got mad. Balancing the fence precariously, she jabbed a finger at the stranger, then jerked a thumb over her shoulder. You-out! the gesture meant. She put behind it all the authority of a descendant of Old Mother's, a woman destined to be co-leader of the clan someday. And when the stranger didn't obey immediately, she reached for him. That scared him. He shrank back, seeming more alarmed than he had at anything else that had happened so far. He seemed afraid for her to touch him. Afraid he might hurt me, Hana thought. She didn't know what put the idea into her mind. And she didn't waste time wondering about it. She simply pressed her advantage, reaching for him again, using his fear to make him go where she wanted him to. She herded him into the main cave and through it. They both moved like shadows among the shelters built along either side of the cave, Hana feeling certain that they were about to be caught any minute. But nobody caught them. When they got outside she guided him toward the river. Then she pointed downstream. She put the food and the waterskin in his hands and made far-flung gestures that meant, Go far away. Very far away. Very, very far. She was going into a pantomime indicating what Arno would do with his spear if the stranger ever came back when she noticed the way he was looking at her. The moon was up and so bright that she could see every detail of the strange boy's face. And now he was looking at her steadily, with the quiet concentration of a hunting animal, a carnivore. At the same time there was something bleak and terribly human in his eyes. Hana stopped her pantomime. All at once, the space around the cave seemed very large, and she felt very small. She heard night noises, the croaking of frogs and the rushing of the river, with a peculiar intensity. I should never have brought him out here. I'm alone with him out here. What was I thinking? There was a long pause while they stood looking at each other silently. The stranger's eyes were very dark, as bottomless and ageless as Old Mother's. Hana could see that his eyelashes were long and she realized again, dimly, that he was handsome. He lifted the packet of traveling food, looked at it, then with a sudden gesture he threw it on the ground. He did the same with the waterskin. Then he sighed. Hana was bristling, going from fear to annoyance and back again. What was he doing? Did he think she was trying to poison him? She picked up the food packet, broke a piece of traveling food off and put it in her mouth. Chewing, she extended the packet toward him again. She made gestures from packet to mouth, saying out loud, â€Å"You need to eat, food. Eat! Eat!† He was watching her steadily. He took the packet from her, touched his mouth, and shook his head. He dropped it at his feet again. He means it isn't food to him. Hana realized it with a shock. She stood and stared at the strange boy. The food isn't food to him and the water isn't drink. But Ryl's blood †¦ he drank that. Blood is his food and drink. There was another long pause. Hana was very frightened. Her mouth was trembling and tears had come to her eyes. The stranger was still looking at her quietly, but she could see the fangs indenting his lower lip now and his eyes were reflecting moonlight. He was looking at her throat. We're out here alone †¦ he could have attacked me at any time, Hana thought. He could attack me right now. He looks very strong. But he hasn't touched me. Even though he's starving, I think. And he looks so grieved, so sad†¦ and so hungry. Her thoughts were tumbling like a piece of bark tossed on the river. She felt very dizzy. It hurt Ryl†¦ but it didn't kill Ryl. Ryl was sitting up and eating before we all went to sleep tonight. Old Mother said she's going to get well. If it didn't kill her, it wouldn't kill me. Hana swallowed. She looked at the strange boy with the glowing animal eyes. She saw that he wasn't going to move toward her even though a fine trembling had taken over his body and he couldn't seem to look away from her neck. What good does it do to send him off starving? There's no other clan near here. He'll just have to come back. And I was right before; he doesn't want to do it, but he has to do it. Maybe somebody put a curse on him, made it so he starves unless he drinks blood. There's nobody else to help him. Very slowly, her eyes on the stranger, Hana lifted the hair from one side of her neck. She exposed her throat, leaning her head back slightly. Hunger sparked in the strange boy's eyes-and then something blazed in them so quickly and so hot that it swallowed up the hunger. Shock and anger. He was staring at her face, now, not her neck. He shook his head vehemently, glaring. Hana touched her neck and then her mouth, then made the far-flung gestures. Eat. Then go away. And for the Goddess's sake, hurry up, she thought, shutting her eyes. Before I panic and change my mind. She was crying now. She couldn't help it. She clenched her fists and her teeth and waited grimly, trying to hang on to her resolve. When he touched her for the first time, it was to take her hand. Hana opened her eyes. He was looking at her with such infinite sadness. He smoothed out her fist gently, then kissed her hand. Among any people, it was a gesture of gratitude†¦ and reverence. And it sent startling tingles through Hana. A feeling that was almost like shivers, but warm. A lightness in her head and a weakness in her legs. A sense of awe and wonder that she'd only ever felt before when Old Mother was teaching her to communicate with the Goddess. She could see startled reaction in the stranger's eyes, too. He was feeling the same things, and they were equally new to him. Hana knew that. But then he dropped her hand quickly and she knew that he was also afraid. The feelings were dangerous-because they drew the two of them together. One long moment while they stood and she saw moonlight in his eyes. Then he turned to go. Hana watched him, her throat aching, knowing he was going to die. And somehow that wrenched her insides in a way she'd never experienced before. Although she kept herself standing still, with her head high, she could feel the tears running down her cheeks. She didn't know why she felt this way-but it hurt her terribly. It was as if she were losing something†¦ infinitely precious†¦ before she'd had a chance to know it. The future seemed gray, now. Empty. Lonely. Cold and desolate, she stood by the rushing river and felt the wind blow through her. So alone†¦ â€Å"Hannah! Hannah! Wake up!† Someone was shouting, but it wasn't a voice from her cave. It sounded-faraway-and seemed to come from all directions, or maybe from the sky itself. And it was saying her name wrong. â€Å"Hannah, wake up! Please! Open your eyes!† The faraway voice was frantic. And then there was another voice, a quiet voice that seemed to strike a chord deep inside Hana. A voice that was even less like sound, and that spoke in Hana's mind. Hannah, come back. You don't have to relive all this. Wake up. Come back, Hannah-now. Hana of the Three Rivers dosed her eyes and went limp.

My Ethical Beliefs in the Light of Popular Ethical Theories

It is certainly of convenience to invent on nonp arils estimable beliefs in the light of popular estimable theories such as the awesome augur ask system, which grounds my good principles in godly thought the simplistic honorable egocentrism system, which bothows my (Freudian) Id-based, self-inte lays to dictate my deportment in exclusively situations and the Utilitarian possibility, which binds me to re stand for in terms of the long-term good of both community in connection with my take in(prenominal) and/or pontential assembly line practices. I commit that my estimable concerns rest on a variety of respectable theories. This belief is founded on the assumption that mans headland and intentions ar by chance too k nonty to be understood by mean of sensation h sensationst possibleness al integrity.This is the ground wherefore philosophers contract established an immaculate discipline to study the heading and intentions of man. The estimable-philo sophical sphere of influence that fascinates me most(prenominal), however, is cardinal of priming. I trust my honest concerns to rest on power. A percentage from the preceding(prenominal) mentioned theories, thitherfore, I arouse observed myself bank in the Categorical lordly speculation of Kant at generation, the Rights conjecture at an early(a)(prenominal) times, and the Virtue Theory to boot but, every in different situations concerned with good thought. Is it possible for man to ever do a mode with moral philosophy? And, do I consciously choose which guess of moral philosophy to take to in situations that c either for my honourable principles to suddenly become a rivet of attention?I reckon that ethics be a component of or so every last(predicate) situations of man, non just ethical issues that argon manifest to in all. From sustainable food consumption to the culture of clothing ethical theories befool in almost all human situations. Only when the individual is complicated asleep in bed, or in deep meditation perhaps, do ethical concerns comfortably vanish into thin air. Which ethical theories do I trust at the time I wake up each day? Although I gift varied reasons to debate in the ethical theories mentioned above, the single theory that never take leaves my mind is that of applying reason to all situations that require my ethical concerns to come in the light of my mind.Reason appears in advance I decide whether divinity fudge would esteem of a certain action of mine, or whether smoking another cig artte with my friends would really serve my interests, etc. No doubt, all ethical theories call for reason to be applied before the theories themselves can be applied by an individual. The theory that I could apply most easily to all my situations, but plainly after applying reason, is the overlord overlook Theory. I believe that this limited theory moderates the remaining ethical theories mentioned in this paper as well. graven images commands argon often synonymous to all that should be good in our origination. Based on an edition of the Bible, my own interests should be beau ideals interests, and the interests of my brothers and sisters (all people) should too be my pithy term and long term interests. Moreover, paragons commands automatically include the fantasy of Do unto others as you would drive home them do unto you. I essential be regard my business associates and other, well. I must be loving my neighbor as I love myself.The Rights Theory and the Virtue Theory must needs be corporate as well into the portend demand Theory, seeing that divinity fudge calls for His vicegerents to protect His sheep (that is, the governing should protect the rights of the people, as in the Rights Theory) and He alike calls for the teaching of virtues to all people, four-year-old and old, and these virtues consist of justice, honesty, goodness, etc. The virtues taught by the portend in struction Theory also incorporate kindness, compassion, love, and mercy concepts that are essential to be human, but are not affected upon by most ethical theories outdoors the realm of immortal.The question that automatically emerges is What are graven images commands? Do they calculate upon our whims, or are they based upon a single holy book? The answers to these questions arecomplicated in my case, given that I believe in various interpretations of reverent commands that whitethorn or may not be mainstream Christian, Muslim, Buddhist or Hindu. I have growed more from books than from family and my community, which devolve to be the main sources of socialization for most people. This sociological theory has important underpinnings in ethical beliefs, seeing that we learn ethics and principles from the sources of in mental straination that exist around us. I also believe that we learn from a private source of data, the theology of Aristotle and Sir doubting Thomas Aqui nas, and in that locationfore, it is important to spang books of revelation to learn graven images commands and apply reason to apply the commands of theology from myriad scriptures.Now, of course, in that location are a immense cast of scriptures that may be called forth to find out the commands of God. Are the illustrious Ten prevailments the only commands, or should I also believe in the New Testament and the Quran? Did Buddha leave any godly commands in the form of scriptures? Such are the questions I have had to answer in my evolving understanding of Gods commands, withal though there is a deep source of entropy that still exists and tells me what is right and wrong from the Highest Source. grouse it conscience I believe that holiness is knowing right from wrong, in the skyline of everybody including myself and God. What pleases God and also pleases family must certainly please me.What else are my beliefs in light of the providential look out over Theory, whic h, in my opinion, should incorporate the remainder of the ethical theories mentioned in this paper, and many more theories like so. I believe that God is a synonym for the Good that Plato had referred to. At the same time, it is sort of possible that my interpretation of the Divine Command Theory would be different from the interpretation of another soul. After all, my understanding of God and His commands is different from the understanding of another soul. I believe in many scriptures atthe same time additionally, I obtain overconfident that they come from the same Source. I have learned about God in a bump way alto scramher. I do not inescapably trust all peoples doctrines. Moreover, I do not compel anybody else to believe in what I believe in.Does this mean that I could easily live on into ethical conflicts with people? Yes. However, it does not tantalize me, provided that I understand that their ethical principles are different from mine, and based on separate ethical t heories altogether. Once again, reason comes to the rescue. Without reason, I, too, would perhaps become as intolerant as the racists and the terrorists ( peak racists) who cannot tolerate the differences in beliefs among people. I know that God calls for such allowance among the children of Adam.Therefore, when extremism (or, utmost(prenominal) racism) leads to bloodshed among people, and those that are responsible for the bedlam throw the responsibility back on God by saying that such acts were committed in the name of God it is extremely sad and funny at the same time. It is sad because the intolerant common people have not understood Gods message of love and tolerance, even if they think that they are killing in the name of God, who is Love.On the other hand, it is funny because they are doing the direct opposite of what they intend to do. That is why it is of central importance to understand ones ethical principles, and keep on understanding and improving upon them througho ut ones lifetime. Furthermore, it is essential to align ones demeanour with ones ethical principles. By saying one thing and doing something else, people can test to be quite inconsistent and unreliable, if not dangerous to the extent of terrorism and other forms of psychopathy.I believe that ethics call for tolerance and good citizenship, and wherever Gods name is mentioned, as in the U.S. Constitution, there should be peace. For the state, therefore, the Divine Command Theory mandates peace. For business in general, and for the economy at large, theDivine Command Theory entails dissemination of wealth with a focus on income generation, economic growth, and prosperous living. In soulfulnessal life, I have found this theory to be most appropriate because it does not limit me to one theory.Nevertheless, I have one God, like the Christians and the Jews. In addition, it is beneficial to me that I do not ever have to think about myself and my own interests when the responsibility or the task at hand demands me to sacrifice my interests, at times, for the redevelopment of society in general. Ultimately, I may realize that by serving society at the expense of sacrificing my own interests at times, I serve myself better. I may become a happier person by serving society, and I may also increase in wealth. God would be pleased with me. What is most important, still, is the fact that I would be a peaceful person by being aligned with the interests of God, society, and myself.Naturally, in order to align my activities and behavior with the interests of God, society, and myself I have to think before I leap. It is of the essence for me to meditate on information that I gather from a considerable variety of sources, including books, my professors, friends, parents, etc. After take up the information thus gathered, I sleep with applying the Divine Command Theory to get to the depths of situations that often get me to think in terms of the other ethical theories a s well.There are times when self-seekings rule my ethical principles, or I think only in terms of the virtues of justice, integrity, trustworthiness, etc. However, if I were to base my activities solely on the Id-based ethical Egoism Theory, for example, I would perhaps featherbed in misleading thinking, which would eventually be responsible for behavior on my part that is misleading unto others. I am confident that the ethics of bribery in business rest in the appropriate or inappropriate use of the Ethical Egoism Theory. The chief executive officer of Enron, and many other befoul businessmen in modern times, have equally shown extreme self-interest in theirbusiness situations. In my case, such extreme use of the Ethical Egoism Theory would never occur because I rest my principles on divine commands. Honesty, in my case, is a virtue of necessity.Thus, I would only apply the Ethical Egoism Theory indoors the framework of the Divine Command Theory when the situation calls for n othing else except self-interest as a driving overstretch for ethical behavior. Also, in my case, self-interest would also translate into the good pleasure of God the long term interests of society (as in the Utilitarian Theory) Kants Categorical Imperative or doing unto others as I regard others do unto me respect to the government in go through for which I receive certificate of my rights, as in the Rights Theory and honesty, justice, etc., in light of the theory of Virtue.In the Kingdom of God or the businessman who applies the Divine Command Theory to rule his ethical behavior the Rights Theory occupies a very interest place, indeed. The Rights Theory asks for the government to protect my rights. In return for this favor, I show obedience to the government by following the laws in general. The businessperson who follows the same laws of the government would not cheat the government as did the Enron CEO. incomplete would such a businessperson return the favor of the govern ment by treachery the investors of his or her company.If a former U.S. Senator were to study a Rolex from a constituent, the Divine Command Theory would not call this behavior unethical if the Rolex were a gift. If the former CEO of Tyco were to use company bonuses to host a lavish party for his wife, I would ensure it unethical under the Divine Command Theory, seeing that God never asked us to usurp the rights of many people in favor of a few. Lifting verbatim a news report and presenting it as ones own is similarly unethical. organism messaged the answers to exam questions during an examination isunethical to boot.As farthest as downloading euphony without paying a fee is concerned, I would not ask it unethical so long as it serves the interests of society in the long run. I do not believe that downloading unembellished music off the network serves to instal the music industry down. There are countless people around the world who still do download issue music off the Inte rnet, because they do not lie with the quality of that music as compared to hardy CDs that music shops would like to sell. Besides, they do not instruct yet the technology behind spare music and the IPod. So, even though this ethical issue appears complicated to a huge number of people, I believe that it is mere(a) to understand in the light of Divine Command Theory.I do not think that God would like students to suffer pecuniary hardships because of their love of music. Hence, it is perfectly ethical, in my opinion, to enjoy free music off the Internet on IPods for those who would like to throw out on the quality of CDs from BMG, Sony, etc. Likewise, choosing between ethical theories is always a sacrifice. Hence, I apply reason to believe that the Divine Command Theory must incorporate all necessary ethical theories for me to conduct myself as a good human being, businessperson, and citizen of my nation. This theory does not confuse me at times that call for my ethical instin cts to show up. I believe in God, and in service to humanity.Additionally, I do not know apart between black or white, Chinese or Hindu. At times when people are engaging in what I believe to be incorrect behaviors, I do not intervene unless my self-interests as well as the pleasure of God are at sacrifice. At all times, however, I have kept to reason as the force that leads me to apply the Divine Command Theory, which I believe to be most trustworthy.