Characteristics Of Bullying Behavior Psychology Essay

Characteristics Of browbeat port Psychology EssayThe manner of blustering(a) carries a significant social, financial and a medical cost for its victims as well as perpetrators. entropy demonstrates it to be a luxuriouslyly overabundant behavior, with powerful and long constant psychological and social impact 1. It crosses boundaries of age, gender, ethnic, and former(a) sociodemographic categories, and has been shown to occur within settings as different as ele handstary groom and corporate boardrooms 2. Involvement in bullyrag can impair and degrade the quality of vivification for twain victims and perpetrators. This is underscored with work done by Connoly and colleagues 3 that showed children who bully at grittyer jeopardize of developing severe relationship problems as adults. The trauma of bully has been shown to be associated with severe and chronic psychiatric pathology, including mood and anxiety upsets, including PTSD, alcohol and medicine misdirect as wel l as personality disorders 4. The most imposing sequela of strong-arm is its association with increased encounter of self-destructive behavior 5. Thus, wedded the high cost of this behavioral phenomena, intimidation should be approached with a collaborative, multidisciplinary private road as a prevalent source of severe trauma, with very high individual and social costs 5.DefinitionThe explanation of bully is by no means monolithic, with nuances varying between different researchers, and socio-demographic settings. The principal, overarching framework of the definition of ballyrag, is established and accepted by the community of researchers gnarled with this subject matter. Olweus et. al 6 defines bullying as a specific form of aggression, which is intentional, repeated, and involves a contrast of power between the victim and perpetrators. This aggression can be physical, verbal, communicative or through intentional exclusion from a group, without appargonnt excitation on the part of the person being targeted. What sets bullying apart from new(prenominal) forms of abuse, such as child abuse and domestic violence, is the social scene in which it occurs and the imbalanced power relationship of the parties involved 6.Demographics and characteristics of bullying behaviorWang and colleagues 7 recently showed that among US adolescents, the prevalence of having bullied others or having been bullied at school for at least once in the last 2 months were 20.8% physically, 53.6% verbally, 51.4% socially, or 13.6% electronically. Males were to a greater extent(prenominal) involved in physical or verbal bullying, whereas girls were more involved in relational bullying. Boys were more presumable to be cyber bullies, whereas girls were more likely to be cyber bullying victims. Compared with 6th graders, 9th and10th graders were less involved in bullying for physical (bullies, victims, or bully-victims), verbal (victims or bully-victims), relational (victims or bully-victims), or cyber form (bullies). African-American adolescents were involved in more bullying (physical, verbal, or cyber) but less victimization (verbal or relational). Higher parental survive was associated with less involvement across all forms of bullying. Having more friends was associated with more bullying and less victimization for physical, verbal, and relational forms but was not associated with cyber bullying. Lemstra et al. 8 investigated bullying in 4,197 youth subjects in which 23% cogitationed being physically bullied at least once or twice in the previous 4 weeks. They demonstrate that being male, attending a school in a low-income neighborhood, perception of having unhappy central office life, arguments with parents and feeling like leaving home waste been found to be associated.It is as well important to recognize that bullying affects people other than children and adolescents at school setting. Murhtar and colleagues 9 found that almost 70% of med ical students in their study had experienced some form of bullying in the past 6 months. Balducci et al. 10 present that bullying is a prevalent behavior in a workplace, and study of Norwegian workforce by Nielsen and colleagues 11 have show that almost 5% of people see themselves as victims of bullying, with nearly 7% report that they are exposed to a high degree of bullying behaviors, and 1% are exposed to sever bullying. determent and Suicidal BehaviorAs previously mentioned, the most striking and awful outcome of bullying for two victims and perpetrators is an increased stake of self-destructive ideation, attempts and absolute suicide shown to be associated with this behavior. A study that involved 838 youth in 9th-12th grades attending public high school demo that subjects involved in bullying as a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator were more likely than controls to report having seriously considered or seek suicide within the past grade 12. Fisher and colleague s 13 demonstrated in twin studies that exposure to frequent bullying predicted higher rates of self injurious behavior even after controlling for pre-morbid emotional, behavioral problems and environmental risk factors. A study by Winsper et al. 14 showed that pre-adolescence subjects involved in bullying, especially in the role of being both a bully and a victim were at increased risk for suicidal ideation, suicidal and self-injurious behavior. Some data suggests thathrough novel or fall psychopathology. Brunstein and colleagues 15 suggested that bullying behavior in the absence of depression or suicidality is not an independent risk factor, but rather amplifies inherent risk of suicidal behavior associated with depression.Intro to bullying and psychiatric pathologyWhether or not bullying increases the risk of suicidal and self-injurious behavior forthwith, it is important to report that it is positively and directly correlated with different psychiatric conditions. Kumpulainen e t al. 4 showed that young subjects involvement in bullying, are more likely to struggle with disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. push around and depressionMultiple studies have demonstrated a clear correlation coefficient between involvement in bullying and a higher risk of developing a depressive disorder. Lemstra and colleagues 16 showed that children who were physically bullied multiple times per week were 80% more likely to develop symptoms of depression in comparison to children who never experienced bullying. A retrospective study by Lund et al. 17 claimed that adult men with a self reported history of being bullied at school were significantly more likely of being diagnosed with a depressive disorder later in life and a prospective study that looked at 2348 boys 18 demonstrated that boys who were both perpetrators and victims of bullying were at higher risk for developing depression, and suicidal behavior later in life.Bullying and PTSDBullying, although not considered to be a form of acute trauma, has also been shown to be associated with symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress unhealthiness (PTSD) 19. Positive correlation between symptoms of PTSD and exposure to bullying were demonstrated among subjects who experienced bullying at work 20. Another study that attempted to assess prevalence and intensity of PTSD symptomatology among victims of bullying at work, and move to show whether victims of bullying were more vulnerable to other distressing life events demonstrated that more than 70% of bully victims developed symptoms of PTSD, and displayed a ebb or severe impairment in social functioning 21.Bullying and other anxiety disordersPeople involved in bullying place to be at a higher risk of an anxiety disorders other than PTSD. One study demonstrated that social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder were all positively associated with severe teasing and bullying e xperiences 22. Kumpulainen et al. 23 showed that among children victims of bullying anxiety symptoms were as frequent as 8.7% a get that is significantly higher than controls. Another study demonstrated that being a bully, victim of bullying, or having a role of being both a bully and victim in preadolescence (age period 1012) significantly predicted study of anxiety symptoms in adolescence (age period 1017 years) 24. Data also supports a strong , positive correlation between involvement in bullying and development in anxiety symptoms in younger children, in grades five through eight 25, and students age12-17 26.Bullying and substance and alcohol abuse and dependenceFinally, research has consistently demonstrated that subjects involved in bullying are more likely to use alcohol and illicit psychotropic substances. In one large sample, it was shown that substance use and bullying behaviors co-occurred among 5.4% of adolescents in the United States 27. Another study, a nationally re presentative survey of U.S. children in 6th10th grades, found that alcohol use was associated with increased betting odds of bullying 28. A study that consisted of adolescents aged 1217, who were admitted to an inpatient psychiatry unit showed that the use of any substance (i.e.,tobacco, alcohol and drugs) was generally more common among bullies 29. Finally, a large study based on schoolchildren demonstrated that students who were engaged in bullying were more likely to be smokers and to have had a history of alcohol use 30.