Power :: essays research papers

When a individual has enough power in a society, it gives them a lot of reassure everywhere certain things. When they contribute this control, they batch have ownership over a person or a thing. By naming someone, or something, a person gains an unspoken ownership over him or her, they are now in control of him or her and it has created a new identity element for them and erased their old identity. Power, naming and un-naming, control and ownership and identity are very important elements in bloody shame and No visit Woman. Both essays deal with power, identity, control and ownership, while bloody shame focuses to a greater extent on naming and No Name Woman focuses on un-naming.       iodins power and position in a society can give them the rectify or ability to seduce or un-name a person. Someone can gain this right by his or her lieu socially, financially, and even racially. If its their own child, of course, they have every right in the world to na me him or her. But in some cultures, as is evident in No Name Woman, they have the right to take away someones name if they have dishonored their family and/or community. A name is very significant because it gives a person a sense of who they are, an identity. In No Name Woman, capital of Jamaicas aunt had no identity except for the story her commence told her and in Mary marguerite daisys new boss, Mrs. Cullinan changed her name to Mary which then, in a way, removed Marguerites original identity and gave her a new one, one she didnt want.      By changing Marguerites name, Mrs. Cullinan proves how much power she has over a little foul servant like Marguerite. A rich white member of the society, in which Marguerite grew up, has more power and control over things than someone of a poor background or a black background. Mrs. Cullinan wasnt the scratch to incite the drastic change of Marguerites name, although she started it off by calling her Margaret, it was in fact, one of her friends who suggested that the names too long. Id never bother myself. Id call her Mary if I was you.(5) As if showing off to her friends, and proving that she really does have control and power over black people, she starts calling her Mary, much to Marguerites disgust. Marguerite soon learned that Mrs. Cullinan had changed Miss Glorys name twenty years ago.

Alfred Lord Tennyson †The Charge Of The Light Brigade Essay

Discuss the poets diverse steads to struggle, as presented in The bestir Of The blowzy brigade and characterizationA more than experienced poet cognise as Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote the vex Of The elucidation Brigade. He was born in 1809 and died of old age in 1892. He wrote The energize Of The Light Brigade in response to a Newspaper cover up from the Times, which was written by W.H.Russel, so his understanding of the war was from second playscript knowledge, he was removed from the action. Un a interchangeable Wilfred Owen, who wrote photo. Owen was born in 1893 and died at a actually young age in 1918. The rationalness for his young wipeout was, he was a participant in the war and died during battle, so his was theme from his own experiences. Although Owen was a less experienced writer, his poesys barely sincerely became known after his death, as he had a less authorative voice.The primary(prenominal) similarities among the two songs is that they be two w riting close wars, however twain wars atomic number 18 from a various time and so be fought in solely different elbow rooms. Tennyson wrote The maintenance Of The Light Brigade near the Crimean war, which was earlier between France and Russia except Britain joined because she worried about her security. The Crimean war was fought on horseback, which meant that it would be over fairly quickly. I find this because it would call for been oneness charge, this battle would then have gone on until all the soldiers in one side were injured or dead. He was very farther removed from the action, as he didnt even witness the war, so his verse written is third blow over. Where as Owen wrote word-painting from stolon base hand experience. For these reasons I may be able to place more valuate on Wilfred Owens poem. The First World War was fought over few(prenominal) years and the soldiers spent a lot of that time in trenches.The mood, spook and language in apiece poem at omic number 18 exclusively different from the separate. In The vote down Of The Light Brigade the mood is very blithesome and gives the emotion that all the soldiers, were excited about what they were doing. This is helped by the fact that Tennyson doesnt go into the atrocities of the war, instead writing of When horse and hero fell. here(predicate) he is basically scaning that they have been shot down, but the manner Tennyson puts it, its analogous its not that dramatic, when it is. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade it doesnt really distinguish those soldiers that died in battle and those that lived, wherefore they rode back, but not the six cardinal. This is what I count on plays a big part in making the mood of the poem so fire up, as it avoids death, which is upsetting. Where as in Exposure the mood is very dismay and dismal as Owen is constantly saying how the soldiers were being attacked in different ways.He handstions the brave out attacking them, which can be seen from in the ruthless iced winds that knive us. As well as matters resembling the barbed fit in front of the enemies trenches, Like twitching agonies of men amongst its brambles. However the poem doesnt mention soldiers attacking them, which may indicate that the weather and other things were more threatening and demoralise, then the enemy. In Exposure Owen speaks of the soldiers pain and this is what I think makes the poem so disheartening to read, because he is nerve-wracking to memorialise how war causes ache and reduces the soldiers. Unlike Tennyson who is trying to purity and glorify the soldiers and so making the poem seem more pleasant. However in some ways the poems are similar as the language used indicates that poets guess and universalise all the men in the war.The Charge Of The Light Brigade is a lot more structured then Exposure. This is because in Tennysons poem he talks about the different stages of the battle, where as Owen doesnt really mention batt le, its more about the soldiers suffering. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson goes through each stage of the battle, within each individual stanza. So in the first stanza the soldiers have been ordered to go forth their charge. The second stanza is quite an important part of the poem, as we discover that the soldiers had been apt(p) the wrong order. However because they are so tickd and loyal to their country, no one questions it. Tennyson is trying to glorify and honour the soldiers so he plainly says, Not though soldiers knew, someone had blundered. In the third stanza the soldiers are in range of the enemys guns and in stanza four, the soldiers are forced to piece back because so m all men have been killed.Even though at this point the British soldiers are being defeated Tennyson emphasises their bravery. That takes the readers trouble off the fact that they are losing so badly. An example of this is, Sabring the gunners thither. The book of account sabring has be en used very cleverly as it gives the reader the impression that the British soldiers were hacking away at the Russians, because Tennyson was writing the poem to honour The Light Brigade. In stanza five the British soldiers are still not out of risk of infection despite spell back, as more Russians have come in loafer them, so even more soldiers get killed.Stanza six is plain Tennyson reflecting on their bravery. In Exposure there isnt such an intelligible structure. In stanza one Owen talks about the soldiers being attacked by the weather and in stanza two they are being attacked by the enemys barbed wire and it goes on like this. The weather is continually being described in different ways, one very effective way is when Owen uses alliteration, Dawn massing in the East her melancholy army. There is no real progression to the poem because it mirrors what is going on in the war, as they are stuck in trenches.The rhythm in each poem is completely different form the other. The C harge Of The Light Brigade has a very lively and energetic obtain to it, this is payable to its incredibly fast pace. In personal line of credit Exposure has a very slow rhythm like the progress of the war. However in the third stanza there is a diverseness in pace and it picks up just a little bit. This is overdue to the rhythm sounding like the bullets being described in the stanza, explosive successive bullets streak the silence like the faces being shot in The Charge Of The Light Brigade. But the pace returns to its gloomy rhythm in the next stanza. In The charge Of The Light Brigade the rhythm of the poem sounds very a great deal like the rhythm the galloping horses would make, this can be seen from one-half a league, half a league onward, all in the vale of death rode the six carbon. I also think that the discipline of the British soldiers betokens in the discipline of the rhythm.Each poem gives a completely different view of war, because they were written for diffe rent purposes and from different points of view. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson uses a lot of similes and metaphors to create tension in the poem. He also uses similes to give the reader a better protrude of the battle and to fork up how heroic the soldiers were. Where as in Exposure Owen uses similes and metaphors to show how much the soldiers around him have been reduced, and the sole(prenominal) thing they have to slide by them going is happy memories. In The Charge Of The Light Brigade the first noticeable and most(prenominal) repeated image is All in the vale of death. I think that Tennyson choose to describe the charge like this because death is a very moving word. The word all unites the soldiers and due to the image of the extreme riskiness, given by the word death, shows the soldiers bravery, it also gives the motif of a big sacrifice.Not only do we get the feeling of danger, but Tennyson also discreetly describes sounds, through the use of onomatopoeia, Volleyed and thundered. I think that this is really clever, as it adds realism to the poem. When Tennyson uses alliteration, the linguistic process he uses sound like the hissing of the artillery on the battlefield. An example of this is Stormed at with shot and shell. Tennyson uses euphemism to describe the British soldiers killing the enemy he uses words like flashed and sabring. The British soldiers are basically killing people, but the way Tennyson describes it, its as if they are doing it elegantly and intimately gracefully. All of these images give the main picture that the war was glorious. The reason we get this image of the war is because Tennyson hides the realities bathroom euphemism, unlike Owen who shows the war for what it really is. Right from the first word our we nowadays know that it has been written from the point of view of the narrator.Owen gives a very chilling image to the war because he has experienced it, he can say what he has seen and felt. The use of personification shows how the soldiers looked on the outside Attacks once more in ranks, on ranks of shivering grey. Here Owen is talking about the weather attacking the soldiers, because the soldiers looked so grey and dull. Owen also adds shivering to the sentence, which could show that not only were they shivering because they were cold, but because they feel cold in their hearts like theyve been forgotten.Owen uses alliteration to emphasise that the men have no luxuries, unlike Tennyson who used alliteration to show the excitement of the war. In Exposure the uses of alliteration gives the reader the image that its as if the weather is trying to find them to put them through more distress, this can be seen from brainsick flakes with fingering stealth come feeling for our faces. However I think Owen saves the most moving image for the abate, unlike Tennyson who reflects on the heroism of the men during the battle, Owen shows just how terrible it is. In the final stanza Owen cre ates a very quick image, Pause over half-known faces. All their eyeball are iced.To begin with it seems as though Owen is talking about the dead soldiers eyes being iced, because they are dead, but he is also talking about all the soldiers who are still alive and have to look at them. Owen is saying that in order to cope with what the soldiers have to face out in the trenches their eyes have also iced over, as they have no feeling any more. In Exposure we get the impression that it is probably easier to be dead, as you have gone to a better place and the pain and suffering stops, as soon as your spirit leaves your body. When I read Charge Of The Light Brigade I didnt feel very much inside, because the images that were given through the use of personification and other things were glorious. In Exposure the image seemed very real, because the poet was really writing from the heart and it made me feel quiet and lonely inside.Exposure and The Charge Of The Light Brigade both(prenomin al) use repeat to show the reader that there have been casualties in the war. In The Charge Of The light Brigade different words are repeated to highlight different things. To emphasise the courage of the charge Tennyson repeats, Forward, the light brigade and The valley of death, which gives the bringing close together that there is no turning back. In stanza two, three lines begin with their. This is used to show the discipline of the soldiers, that not one of them is questioning the wrong order. At the end of the first three stanzas Tennyson is still repeating, Rode the six hundred, this use of repetition gives the idea that the soldiers are still alive.However the final line of stanza four, Not the six hundred shows that not all the soldiers were going to come back from the valley of death. In stanza five some of the lines from stanza three are repeated, Cannon to the right of them, this gives the idea that even though they are on their way back the danger still surrounds them . At the end of stanza five Tennyson has said, Left of six hundred. He is still repeating six hundred, but has changed the words in front of it, to give the idea that the number of losses was more then the number of survivors. Exposure doesnt have has much repetition in as The Charge Of The Light Brigade, but it too has the mass of its repetition at the end of each stanza.The repetition of But cryptograph happens in three of the stanzas and the final stanza, give the image that the soldiers are almost waiting to die. The use of repetition in this ways indicates that they feel forgotten, because they have gone out to the trenches to do a job, and they are unable to do that job properly. In stanzas five, six and seven Owen repeats, death at the end of each stanza. By doing this I get the impression that not only are the soldiers dieing because they are being attacked, but their spirits are dying as well as their love for things, its like they have lost themselves in the strong wind s that surround them. So in both poems the use of repetition sums up the casualties of war, in Exposure they are shown in a more harsh way, then in The Charge Of The Light Brigade.Both poems are completely different in the way they describe the war, in that Exposure uses realism and The Charge Of The Light Brigade uses euphemism. The reason for there being such a lot of euphemism in The Charge Of The Light Brigade is because Tennyson wants to praise the soldiers. He also uses euphemism to hide behind the grim realities of life. A very best example of euphemism in the poem is, Sabring the gunners there. It is basically saying that the British soldiers were hacking away and killing the enemy, but it isnt described like that because the aim of Tennysons poem was to honour the soldiers. The word sabring makes the British soldiers sounds elegant and sophisticated, as if they arent doing anything wrong.So in order to honour the Light Brigade Tennyson hides behind euphemism. In contrast Owen uses realism in his poem because he wants to show war for what it really is. In eachthing he says he is very blunt and relates even the simplest things to every day horrors. By development realism Owen shows the reader that the only thing the soldiers have to keep them going are memories, an example of this is, Slowly our ghosts incline home glimpsing the sunk fires glozed. This emphasises that the soldiers have no luxuries and how now they take vigour for granted, because they now realise it isnt always going to be there for them. The reason for The Charge Of The light Brigade using euphemism and Exposure using realism, is because each writer is trying to give a different image of the war, for different reasons using these methods.In conclusion both poems appear to be very similar when I first looked at them, however the only thing they have in common is that they are both about wars. The reason they only have this in common is for two reasons. The first reason is that bot h wars were completely different types of wars. The second reason and the most important, is that the writers show different attitudes towards war. In Charge Of The Light Brigade Tennyson wrote the poem to honour and glorify the soldiers that fought in the war. So the way he presents the poem, its as if Tennyson is saying that war is good thing to part of.I think the other reason for him putting such a affirmative image on the war was because he didnt fight in it, therefore there are no feelings included in his poem. So because Tennyson approves of the soldiers loyalty there are no signs of irony. Where as in Exposure Owen, who fought in the war, is able to include feelings. Due to having such a slimy time in the trenches, these feelings are sad and seem painful, putting war in a completely different light. Unlike Owen, Tennyson believed that no good could come from war, and although Owen is against war Exposure isnt an anti-war poem. However the one attitude that both writers sho w in their poems, is that you have to fight sometimes to relieve what is good.

The ambiguity in “My Papa’s Waltz”

Theodore Roethks My Papas Waltz is a poetry of the twentieth century. When discussed, the numbers instigates again and again rough very kindle and conflicting opinions. Often examination of this brief and seemingly accessible song inspires animated debates on the possibility of messages of child abuse and alcoholism. My Papas Waltz, recounts the treasured childhood memories of the poet. The structure of the verse, the iambic trimetric quatrains has the swinging run around of the waltz. The poem should be read within the context of its time frame.This poem was powered in 1948, an era when readers would not have shared the same aroused response about these issues that are displayed by contemporary readers. The humbleing of many a(prenominal) phrases and words in the poem sack up be misinterpreted as an trait of child abuse. A adjoining reading and outline of the poem care us avoid such misconstruction. According to Karl Malkoff, Roethke had a deep just about religious respect for his father, Otto Roethke. He had admiration for his fathers power and fear for his strength. Otto Roethke owned greenhouses and worked in them as well.Roethke saw his father with his craunch helped the flowers grow. His love combined with his awe-inspired dependency that a son has for his father can be clearly seen in the poem. The poem consists of four iambic trimetric quatrains. The rhythmic style and the rime patter of the quatrains (breath, dying and easy, vertiginous,) make us feel the rhythm of the waltz. It shows the good time the male child is having with his father. As the readers of the last decade of 20th century, we are very oft aware of the issues of child abuse and alcoholism.We are conditioned to think still the slightest hints of abuse and alcoholism as glaring sigs of problems. These subjects were not heard at the time when it was written. Moreover his use of the word papa shows his affection towards his father. The start-off cable television se rvice of the first stanza, The whisky on your breath, does not required mean that his father is drunk. He may enjoy a inebriation before going to bed. He hung on to his father like end while dancing because it is a rowdy waltz. The use of the word death can mean that he was enjoying the dance and he has a steadfast grip on his father so that he did not fall.In the nigh stanza we find that the dancing pair makes a mess of the cans in the kitchen and her find frown at their behavior. Other than frowning, she does not take any actions to break dance her father which can only mean that it is not a showcase of child abuse but a father spending some time his son before the child goes to bed. In the third stanza he says that his fathers hand was battered on one knuckle. The earth can be the hard labor his father put to moderate the greenhouses.If we imagine a situation in which the male child is standing on his fathers feet while dancing, each time his father misses a step his e ar will come in contact with the buckle. This is what he means by My ear scraped a buckle. The first line of the last stanza, You beat time on my head may mean the father lovingly putting his hand on the boys head with the beat of the waltz. The last line Still clinging to your shirt reveals the boys wish to stay with his father and not go to bed. The analysis of the poem asserts that it is a recollection of the happy days of his childhood.The autobiographical elements, the structure, the poem in context of the era in which it was written and a close study of the poem show that is a reminiscence of the loving memories of authors childhood which had shared with his father. Though the poem seems to be a positive memory, there are lines, The whisky on your breath and solely I hung on to like death, which shows the violence and underlining danger in such a dance. The activity is exhilarating, as often with children, they are strike by things that scare and thrill them.

Building Community: The Neighborhood Context of Local Social Organization Essay

Using the data in the table provided on pages 20 and 21, what can you say about the relationships batch have with their neighbours and immediate corporation?Provided is a table, which was taken from a study by the research consultancy ICM on unlike aspects of neighbouring. This table looks at the responses of people to answers on neighbouring, using different radicalings. On the top, the oecumenic heading shows the gender, age, neighborly class and regions. The horizontal axis vertebra identifies the answers that were give, lead by the weighted base. The header gender divides into three subheadings, the score of all the people that were asked separated into manly and female.The next frequent heading- the age_ divides into 6 different age groups, beginning at the age of 18 and destruction in 65+. From the age of 25 t here(predicate) is an increase of 9. companionable class, an otherwise general heading is separated into 4 subheadings, age the general heading regions divide s into 5 subheadings. So, the horizontal axis describes some characteristics of the people which were asked. What be the main patterns in this table?The row gender, here divided into male and female, doesnt reveal any huge differences in the persona of how those questions were answered. The percentages ar quite close together. The row social class, with 4 different subheadings, reveals, that there is only i huge difference in question sensation I have a very hefty relationship with my neighbours. clan AB with the highest percentage of 46% and Class C2 the lowest with 32%. A difference of 14%. Wales & South West, as one subheading of the general heading region, seems to have the best relationship with their neighbours with a percentage of 42%, examining answer one, followed by the Midlands.But here likewise, it is only a difference of 10% in total in comparison to Scotland, where it is 32% The biggest difference of a darling relationship to neighbours is to find at the ge neral heading age. The subheading 25-34 has a better relationship to their neighbours (25%) than the age group 18-24(18%). But this increases remarkable up to the age group 65+ with a percentage of 59%. What are the interesting features?The pre-given answers are divided into arrogant answers(6), such asI have a very safe relationship with my neighbours and negative answers(6) such asI dont have a very good relationship to my neighbours. Only one answer is kind of neutral.Throughout all subheadings, the answerI flatten a lot of magazine with my neighbours are answered quite connatural, the biggest difference here is 6%, at the age subheading again. Also, the neutral answer has similarities in terms of percentage. The table shows, that even that you have a very good relationship with your neighbours, does not necessarily mean, you spend a lot of duration with your neighbours.References SourceICM(2011) Good Neighbours SurveyPrepared on Behalf of Band and dark-brown by ICM Resear ch.London,ICM Research Ltd.End of TMA03 part oneWord list 497TMA03 relegate 2Examine the argument thatGood hem ins mend good neighbours1.Social identicalness2.Relationship with neighbours3.Good fences do make good neighbours1. What is a social identity operator?According to Taylor(2009), the term identity is widely used but quite difficult to pin down. People have many different identities. A different identity (a group or collective identity is in any case given by difference from other groups),for example, world a woman,not a man and so on. A group or collective identity is both individual, saying something about a particular person, and social, because it refers to others who are similar or different. An identity given by connections to other people and social situations is social identity. Those different social identities can overlap, which means, the definitions are not inversely exclusive. Some kind of a relationship for example can be people in the same street that see each other and say hello to each other-they share a relational identity as neighbours, a collective identity as local residents.In most situations, people understand identities in terms of what people do rather than what they are. The sociologist Harold Garfinkel suggests, that social liveness is in constant motion. People overly have the skills and knowledge to create and maintain social order. Social order, which regulates terrestrial social interaction between neighbours, often consists of contradictory obligations and norms, which have to be negotiated in the course of occasional social life in the street.(Byford,2009,p.267) As described by Joanna Bourke people developed for example an aloofness mechanics to maintain a good relationship to their neighbours.2. Everybody postulate good neighbours?Neighbours are expected to have a general disposition towards friendliness while , at the same time, respecting others need for privacy and reserve (Willmott, cited in Byf ord,2009,p.253) Depending on a variety of factors such as age, cultural background, socio-economic status and also personal characteristics as well as personal preferences makes up the individuals relationship to a neighbour. at that place is no code of conduct or a manual, how to behave as a good neighbour, however people adopt over times knowledge through socialisation, through the practice of being a neighbour. Life in a neck of the woods is ordered and structured.There are rules, habits and conventions, which regulate how people live together and interact in the street.(Byford,2009,p.262) When neighbouring goes wrong usually communications breaks down. In todays society a go-between is brought in, to re-establish communication, and neighbours should resolve their problems themselves.3.Why does a fence makes a good neighbour?Part of any streets infrastructure are timber fences, hedges, walls, gates curtains and other morphologic artefacts that are designed to keep residents a part rather than bring them together. The structure Good fences make good neighbours, captures the essence of a paradox that permeates life in every neighbourhood. Neighbourhoods are, or are expected to be communities of people living together, while, on the other hand, they are a collection of unambiguous homes inhabited by individuals, families and households whose privacy is guarded from intrusion by outsiders, including neighbours.(Byford,2009,p.251) With the boy fence is not just only actually the physical fence meant. It also means those structures mentioned above. Everybody wants and needs good neighbours, but also everybody wants and needs privacy. An example given by Byford on page 251 when he looked at buying a house. He was told, how great the neighbourhood was, how kind and smooth the next door neighbours were. On the other hand most of the time the neighbours werent even there.ConclusionA good fence does make a good neighbour. Fences are there, to keep the neigh bours at a distance people want them to be.ReferencesTaylor,S.(2009)Who do we think we are? Identities in everyday life in Taylor,S.,Hinchcliffe,S.,Clarke,J.and Bromley,S.(eds) qualification Social Lives,Milton Keynes,The Open University Hinchcliffe,S.(2009)Connecting people and places inTaylor,S.,Hinchcliffe,S.,Clarke,J.and Bromley,S.(eds) Making Social Lives,Milton Keynes,The Open University Byford,J.(2009) Living together,living apartthe social life of the neighbourhood in Taylor,S.,Hinchcliffe,S.,Clarke,J.and Bromley,S.(eds) Making Social Lives,Milton Keynes,The Open UniversityEnd of TMA03 part 2Word count 658

The Practices in Leadership Essay Essay

The Practices in lead have changed in the post-bureaucratic era. Remember also that your assignment must demonstrate critical thinking, as I have emphasised in each lecture. Question assumptions by considering the negative aspects of post-bureaucratic soft power. Is it desirable in all circumstances? argon there ethical considerations? What about concerns with subtle earthipulation and control? You affect to grapple with the complexity of the issues not merely give a dark-skinned managerialist argument. leadership is essential in the post-bureaucratic era however leadership is an super complex term that is often an overthought and has an indefinite interpretation in society. Leadership loafer be defined as the process of directing, controlling, motivating and shake staff towards the stated organisational goals. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011, p. 126). There atomic number 18 numerous traditionalistic theories of leadership which I will be discussing including personali ty traits, behaviors, postmodern and the happening theory. Ernest Shackletons leadership is viewed as nothing short of spectacular during his voyage crosswise the Antarctic continent overland. One day away from Land, the vessel became iced in, and at last sank. Shackletons role as a leader was to get every man home alive.Shackleton scuppered three leadership move upes/theories he displayed on the remarkable journey .Shackletons ability to lead his men emphasizes technical and personality skills, which both great deal be learned and developed. The skills approach is centered around this idea, however skills can be also gained through past experiences, as seen by Shackleton, this the briny reason the men respected him, due to his well-known knowledge. The style approach was displayed by Shackleton through his tasks and interpersonal relationships with others. Conflicts between men on bill the Endurance were often resolved by Shackleton, this generateing the style approach cos mos displayed by him. The Contingency Theory was also explored in Shackletons journey, with unforeseen events taking place, and him being able to adapt to these due to his skills, this matching the style of approach. Leaders however in the post bureaucratic era can set up and deceive the public, hiding the hidden corruption of which they act. There are many leaders who have violated their responsibilities and abused their power are present in modern day society, however attempt to justify themselves with their plant of power.(Herman, S 2007, p.152)heads of major nonprofit organizations who have demonstrated corruption and ineptitude, armament leaders whose arrogance and lack of foresight and planning have make us at worst the worlds enemy and at best the worlds laughingstock, heads of state who have boldly be to the nation and then twisted their words when caught, and media leaders who have supplyed to commercialised interests while feeding us distortions if not outright lies and delivering products designed to pander to our basest instincts. There are however leaders with a genuine vision, who embrace courage and determination and are willing to sacrifice their life for their beliefs. Martin Luther baron is an example of an active leader who used his power in a positive manner. (Herman, S 2007, p.153) Martin Luther King in August 1963 gathered 250,000 Americans for the shew on Washington, to inspire the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.These leaders who display positive actions encompass egalitarianism and lead individuals without the use of manipulative power. Having a responsible leader in an organization is a common centrally focused objective. Boards of directors seek to select CEOs who are estimated to be most responsible for the organisations performance and capital. Being responsible and accountable are comprised performance goals in which a responsible leader aims to achieve. Taking responsibility as a leader, involves accountabi lity, dependability, authority and empowerment ( Cameron, K 2011,p.32)

Character Analysis of Harold Pinter’s the Caretaker

Erlina Suwardi 2009-031-055 Character Analysis of Har grey-haired Pinters The Cargontaker In drama, characters play a supreme role in order to present the scenes. Whether good or sorry the characters are, they are the ones who make the play and without them, there will be no play can be presented. In this play , there are only leash characters, the brothers, which are Aston and Mick, and the old tramp, Davies. It begins with Aston who brings Davies to his place owned by his brother, Mick. Aston allows and offers Davies, who seems to be homeless, to stay in his room.From the very beginning of the play until the end, the characters do not allow themselves to form good relationship with one another, as they come and go without indisputable purpose, and also their conversation seems often has no relevance to the situation they are in. Aston, the soulfulness who brings Davies to his place, is a mentally developmentally challenged man because of the brain treatment given to him forc efully by his catch and brother. Actually, Aston was a very talkative person before he was given the therapy. As he says, I thoughtthey understood what I said. I mean I used to talk to them. I talked too much. That was my mistake.The very(prenominal) in the factory. (p. 906, blood 58-60). He used to question about the certain things in society and thus he is made mentally retarded. aft(prenominal) that, Aston not only loses questioning ability but also big(a) to communicate properly (p. 907, line 54-71). In my opinion, Astons weakness is believe people too much. Aston even believes a person want Davies. As a result, he is betrayed by not only an intruder like Davies but also by his mother and brother. On the other hand, Davies is an old tramp which is homeless, in need of companionship and a place to stay. It is Aston who shows some(prenominal) kind of kindness to Davies.He gets the opportunity to stay in Astons room. However, preferably of enjoying what he has already go t and being thankful, Davies always complains about a phone number of thing, for example like shoes (p. 891 line 36-57 p. 910, line 40-60) and the window (p. 906, line 16-20). Davies is a kind of back-stabber person when he turns against Aston and asks Aston to leave from his own place, .. welcome somewhere else?.. Me? You talking to me? Not me man, you .. You better find somewhere else.. I live here. I been offered a job here.. Im sledding to be his caretaker, hes going to run this place, and Im staying with him (p. 911 line 81- p. 912 line 5). He also seems to be racist person not only to Black people but also Greeks, Poles and preclude eventhough they do no harm to him (p. 888 line 29-38 p889 line 19-20 p. 894 line48-54). Mick, who plays the role of Astons brother, is the one who is actually responsible to treat Aston with brotherly affection. However, Mick treats Aston as the outsider. Moreover, Mick is also not a responsible person because he is trying to switch responsibil ity from himself to Davies by offering Davies to be a caretaker eventhough he knows that Davies is not a qualified person.Related essay hurt and Deliver Character AnalysisThough there is a trust between the brothers to communicate each other again when Mick smiles eyepatch looking Aston at the end of the play (p. 914, line 47-52), he does not stay or live with him. He chooses to leave Aston at the end. For overall, with these three diametric characters, the whole story just simpy does not make each sense. It is illogical, conflictless, plotless and meaningless and that is what it meant by the absurd play. Everything is pointless and beyond human reason to understand. Absurd play came after the World War II to array freedom.It rebels against conventional plays which used to deal with language as a ray of logical communication and cause and effect relationships. However, the absurd authors seem to feel reasons for the fight against the society. They want to explain the societ y, the world, and the animateness using a different point of view that life is indeed absurd. In this play, Pinter also reflects the life, the fatuousness of the world and the poor communication among the characters. The play finally ends as it begins. both the three characters remains separated from each other and continues to live the life on their own.

Modifications to the National School Lunch Program Essay

IntroductionRecent modifications made to the topic cultivate Lunch computer class circuit card behave caused contr everywheresy only across the nation. In depart year The bailiwick shallow Lunch program have been under(a) scrutiny and major transports have been made to the ingredients and preparation of civilise eates.The f flakeory farm reports that the all the modifications to the naturalizeing dejeuneres are focus towards improving the health of all instruct age children, contributing to the meshing against childhood corpulency and comp stand forly to improve the health of all children across the nation. This research would explore the tarradiddle of the different federal agencies involve in the national nutritional services, the about comprehensive changes in the naturalise nutritional surroundings , the old and red-hot notices choices and how changes are imp compriseing students ( depicted object work Lunch Program,NSLP 2012).Research Statement tall y to the Unites States surgical incision of farming victuals and feeding Service the recent changes to the National School Lunch program have been an important aid in the fight against childhood obesity and to help change student eating habits towards a healthier approach.In the last 4 years the Senate of the United verbalise has proposed different legislature changes to the National School Lunch poster allowing millions of dollars to extend towards a healthier approach modifying what student age children are all overpowering during school hours. The most comprehensive changes have been oriented towards reducing plummet, pelf and sodium, and including to a greater extent vegetable as part of the daily school cafeteria menu (United States department of Agriculture, farming 2012).Initial Research QuestionHow the recent changes to the national school lunch program deal improve the students health? By analyzing the recent changes to the national school lunch program we pas s on be able to compare some of the differences between some the freshly and improve school lunch menu and how these changes are impacting students across the nation. refresh of literatureThe National School Lunch Act was a legality established under the administration of President Harry Truman in 1946. The pilot purpose of the act was to help local farmers with surplus produce and development these foods to feed school age children. After reviewing the principles of the act, members of the senate requested the establishment of a national program that under the guidelines of the National School Lunch Act, would handle all operations associated with school lunch repasts, reason for the creation of the National School Lunch program.The National School lunch program manages angiotensin converting enzyme of the largest federally assisted meal programs that provides nutritionally match meals free or at low cost to school age children. The national school lunch program takes cash s ubsides and foods provided by the U.S section of Agriculture, in exit the national school lunch program must meet nutritional federal requirements and most important must crack cocaine meals free or at low cost to all student age children. According to reported statistics from the U.S Department of Agriculture the National School Lunch feeds over 30 million students each day (NSLP, 2012)There is no disbelieve that the student nutrition subject has been an important topic of national tutelage in the hi bill of our country. In 1966, The nipper alimentation Act was a police force signed by President Lyndon B Johnson, encouraged by a national concern over nutrition in school age children.The Child Nutrition Act became to be an instrument to allay the process of meeting nutritional needs of children under the guidelines of the National School Lunch Program. The act withal helped established the school based eat program providing free breakfast for children in public and nonpro fit schools, during the subscribe of this act professorship Johnson use a famous phrase that would change forever the futures of national school lunches Good food is essential to straightforward learning ( husbandry, 2012)U.S Department of Agriculture is a federal funded division who is responsible for(p) to all operations in the nation pertaining to cultivation agriculture and food. fail known as the USDA the department not only promotes and helps farming and agriculture issues but ensures food safety across the nation. The USDA is cardinal of the oldest federally department created by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862. The USDA oversees a vast amount of operative units in the united states including the USDA victuals and Nutritional Services who major goal is to provide anicteric food to families in need, the department also collabo gait closely with the National School Lunch program providing foods that are of nutritional value (USDA, 2012)On December 13th, 2010 Presiden t Obama sign into a law the healthy, Hunger put out Act of 2010. This act was creating to combat the alarming rates of childhood obesity cases in the U.S. The now law came to update the school meals standards who reflected very short(p) changes in nutrition in the last 15 years, the HHFK Act also had an impact on the USDA, changing the foods providing to the National School lunch program and succinctly reflecting changes in meal nutritional standards in schools across the nation.In the 2009 a review from the Institute of Medicine recommended several updates to the National School lunch menus, the review found that the school cafeteria menus were not meeting the dietetic guidelines for school age children stated by the U.S Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Services (Healthy Hunger-Free Act, HHFA 2012)In 2011 the USDA proposed tonic regulations based on the finding of the Institute of Medicine of the United States. The process of modification of the school cafeteria me nus begin slowly but steady on schools across the nation, the changes include completely grain servings on all meals reduce saturated expoundten out sugar and sodium, and more fresh harvest-time and vegetables.Elizabeth Ippel, executive director of The honorary society of Global Citizenship in Chicago, talks about the important of nutritions good nutrition is essential and a very integral grammatical constituent to issueive learning. The changes are significant and according to Mrs. Ippel the students are responding confirmative to the modifications (Leamy, 2012)Heres an example of a before and after lunch menuBeforeAfterBreaded beef patty on a white wind up Baked Fish NuggetsFruit popsicleWhole wheat rollLow fat milkMashed potatoesBroccoliPeachesSkim MilkDiscussionOn December 13, 2010 president Obama signed into law 111-296 the Healthy Hunger Free Act of 2010. The act is one of the most comprehensive proposals in the school nutritional purlieu in over 15 years the main goa l of this law is to update school meals nutritional standards to help combat childhood obesity and help students achieve healthy eating habits. Beginning in July 2012 the new lunch meal pattern will be in effect changing what students will be consuming during lunch in the school year 2012-2013.The new proposed meal components includes key changes for children K and above, these changes requires that school lunches adjure a daily word form of whole grains, fruit and vegetables.In the fruit category, each meal provided by school cafeterias must include instill of fresh, frigid or canned fruits, prepared or compound with urine and not syrup. of vegetables on each meal is another requirement in the daily school lunch menus the new regulations required a variety of vegetable groups including dark green, red/orange, legumes, starchy and other vegetables.On the study of whole grains, breads and cereals are required on each meal as long as the food item includes more than 8 grams of grains. The act has also limit the amount of flavored milks opting for only low fat milk during meals. Calories are also under a scope view close the calorie ranges according to age groups. Trans-fat is banned completely from school cafeteria menus and the act has also a plan to limit sodium gradually over the next decade, to reach the goal of keeping sodium at a no more than 600 mg per meal, equal to a diet frozen meal (HHFKA, 2012).The changes in the cafeteria school menu are impacting students and teachers equally, besides of more nutritional value, the new menus now offered more quantity amounts of healthier foods, cheering the hunger of millions of students and reflecting healthier attitudes in the classrooms. LuAnn Coenen from Appleton Central High School in Wisconsin cheers the new regulations in the cafeteria menus and states Since the introductions of the new food program, I have sight and enormous difference in the behavior of my students in the classroom,I can say wit hout hesitation that its changed my job as principal.It seems that slight sugary foods and drinks are impacting students behavior. An associate professor of facts of life at the Lehigh university conducted a study of over 2000 lunchrooms across the nations, the conclusions indicated that healthier and slight sugary meals carries a calmer atmosphere in the classroom this calmer demeanor is reflects when students go back to the classrooms creating a trickling effect.Taylor a student from Appleton High commented about the changes she matte since the cafeteria menus changed Id say being able to concentrate soften. Susan Graham principal from Melrose Elementary in Tampa Florida confirms that her discipline referrals have rock-bottom 50 % We get a lot more done, I work out its a lot more efficient work environment for all of us, Grahams said (abcnews,2012).Berger (2005) wrote about the importance of a well balanced meal for the proper development of childrens brain development, and how school meal programs played an important rolled in childrens brain development, by providing a well balanced meal while in school children can achieve proper brain development a subsequently their ability to learn will be maximized (Berger, 2005).The changes happening in schools cafeterias power seem insignificant, but replacing extra-cheese pizza, deep fried chicken for whole wheat pizza and baked fish nuggets, represent a gigantic step towards making students healthy.Some modifications to the school lunch menu have happened slowly and some hidden from students, like replacing full fat cheese with a low fat mozzarella cheese in the pizzas, as well as using whole wheat bread on grill cheese sandwiches. Dr. Saira Jan a Rutgers University Professor (2006) comments on children obesity and diabetes uprise numbers Kids choose from what they are offered. They are hungry, they will eat. You can offer carrots or French fries. We have a big health-care problem. We cant just talk abou t it ( weekly Reader, 2006).ConclusionIn conclusion the boilersuit national concern over childhood obesity and the rising rate of diseases in children related to overweight issues is currently being addressed by different entities in charge of school nutrition. The National School lunch program has and will make modification on the students lunch menu to feed students healthier foods in the effort to fight childhood obesity. withal though there has been mixed opinions about the effectiveness of the lunch menu modifications, the HHFKA guidelines demonstrate howReferencesAbout USDA. (2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=ABOUT_USDABerger, Kathleen. (2005).The Developing Person Throughout the Lifespan. 6th ed.Worth. 140-142Child Nutritional Act.(2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-01-26/pdf/2012-1 010.pdf Food Fight Should School Lunches be healthier? Current Events, a Weekly Reader publication,17 Feb.(2006) Retrieved fromHealthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010. (2012).United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/governance/legislation/cnr_2010.htmQuestions & Answers on the Final Rule, Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs(2012).United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Governance/Policy-Memos/2012/SP10-2012osr2.pdfLazor, K., Chapman, N., & Levine, E. (2010).No.80. Vol.4. 200-206 Soy Goes to School adoption of Healthful, Vegetarian Options in Maryland Middle School Lunches. Journal Of School Health.Leamy, Elizabeth.(2011). sole(prenominal) USDA to Announce Healthier New School Lunch Guidelines. Retrieved from http//abcnews.go.com/Health/ConsumerNews/usda-announce-school-lunch-guidelines/story?id=1260 3193Mary Bruce. (2010). Coming Soon? Healthier School Lunches. Retrieved from http//abcnews.go.com/ administration/healthier-school-lunches-senate-approves-45-billion-bill/story?id=11345256Mcginn, D., & Popescu, R. (2007).No 150. Vol.17. Unlucky Charms At Lunch. Newsweek. Retrieved from http//mediacast.usw.edu8045/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA169875850&v=2.1&u=nm_a_elin&it=r&p=ITOF&sw=wNational School Lunch Program.(2012).United States Department of Agriculture Food and NutritionService. Retrieved from http//www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Lunch/Nutrition Standards in the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, No 17, Vol.77. (2012). United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service. Retrieved from http//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-01-26/pdf/2012-1010.pdfStudents behave better with healthy lunches. (2012). Abc. go. Retrieved fromhttp//abcnews.go.com/GMA/AmericanFamily/story?id=125404&page=1

Alcohol and World Health/Hunger

intoxicant is a central nervous system depressant and possibly peer little of the oldest known drugs. In America today, it is considered the number 1 drug problem.Over $90 billion is spent yearly by Americans on alcoholic drinkic beverage. At least $100 million cost of health c are and productivity blemish affects the countrys economy each year. According to statistics, there are more than 15 million alcohol- open Americans and half a million of this figure belongs to the advance bracket of 9-12Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is the study psychoactive fortune in alcoholic beverages. It is produced through the fermentation of sugar by yeast. The piece of alcohol present in alcoholic beverages varies. Beer has 4-6% alcohol, wine has 7-15% alcohol, champagne has 8-14% alcohol, and distilled liven have 40-95% alcohol (www.chemcases.com).Due to its small size, molecules of alcohol are quickly absorbed by the intestines. It is also soluble in lipids and water solutions and it gets to the bloodstream easily and travels throughout the human body affecting almost all of the tissues.Consumption of alcohol at moderate and noble adds impairs the functions of the central nervous system, acting on the spinal cord, reticular formation, on a number of neurotransmitter systems, and on the cerebellum and cerebral complex. The gravity of the impairment is dependent on the level of alcohol in the blood.Alcohol has short-term and long-term effects. These effects are influenced by various factors such(prenominal) as gender, age, amount of food taken, physical condition and other drugs taken.Alcohol radically impairs the judgment and coordination necessary to drive a car, even if it is taken at a small quantity. Moderate amount of alcohol can perk up talkativeness and dizziness. Incidence of hostile acts similar child abuse and home(prenominal) violence are also blamed to alcohol. Intake of intumescentr amount of alcohol causes immediate nausea and vomiting, disturbed sl eep, and slurred speech. Hangoer headache, dizziness, thirst, and become flat is also a nonher effect of alcohol taken in large amounts.The following illnesses are associated with long-term excessive alcohol consumption high blood pressure and stroke, heart damage, cancers of the digestive system, liver damage, increasing encounter of breast cancer, sexual impotence and reduced fertility, brain damage with image personality changes, sleeping difficulties, and concentration and memory problems (www.dassa.sa.gov.au).Alcoholism or alcohol addiction is another major consequence of heavy and prolonged use of alcohol. This is a chronic disease from which a person craves for alcohol.Despite the negative consequences that alcohol causes them, like marital problems, medical diseases, vehicular accidents, or loss of job, alcoholics cannot control their drinking.These persons are also unable to stop drinking once started and they become physically dependent on it. Sudden cessation from a long blockage of excessive alcohol intake results to withdrawal symptoms, including severe anxiety, nausea, tremors, sweating, convulsions and hallucinations. Alcoholics also evolve a higher alcohol tolerance, that in order to reach intoxication, they pauperization to drink in progressive amounts.The prevalence of alcohol dependence is globose and affects almost every aspects of the society. According to statistics, alcohol-dependent persons belong to homemakers, successful taskmen, laborers, versatile mechanics, and even church goers.There are roughly 76 million slew around the world who suffers from alcohol-related diseases. In the United States alone, more or less 15% of the population is suffering from alcohol-related problems. . It is to be noted that America is not yet in the list of the top 10 alcohol devour countries 1. Portugal, 2. Luxembourg, 3.) France, 4.) Hungary, 5.) Spain, 6.) Czech Republic, 7.) Denmark, 8.) Germany, 9.) Austria, and 10.) Switzerland (www.po tsdam.edu).Alcohol-related health issue is a worldwide concern. One major factor is the availability and legality of alcohol in almost every country. Despite its known health consequences, alcohol is readily available in almost every groceries and restaurants all around the world. Everyone has access to it, even the minors.In Russia, alcohol dependence is significantly prevalent. Almost more than 30% of the countrys deaths are alcohol abuse-related, directly and indirectly. The effort of the government to control alcohol manufacturing seems futile due to the widespread black market for liquor created by the locals.Countries, such as Japan, drinking is considered a requirement in business transactions, it is a mark of company loyalty. Refusing to accept a drink is regarded as an insult, especially if asked by the superior. Alcohol, not being regarded as a drug, is not of a moral issue in this country. In Tokyo alone, there are about 15,000 bars which employees considered their office extensions.The availability of alcohol is at a high rate with the vending machines dispensing sake and beer all over the country. Currently, there are more than 3 million alcohol dependent Japanese.

Gerrymandering: United States House of Representatives and Election District Boundaries

Michael Effiom Prof. S. Sharifan Govt 2302-73058 butt against 4, 2013 divideing The main purpose of gerrymandering is to increase the number of legislative pose that give the sack be won by the political split upy which is in mien of redrawing the regularise boundaries during that period of time, and to create safe seating area for the companionships incumbent legislators which are seats in which the incumbent lead evermore win re-election. Gerrymandering is the redrawing of election district boundaries to give an electoral advantage to a particular candidate or party. It has been recognized as a part of the American political landscape since 1812.The term derives from a redrawing of US model districts in Massachusetts before the 1812 elections, when Elbridge Gerry was governor. People said the district was redolent(p) of a salamander and thus the term Gerry-mander was coined. The Constitution requires that representation in the House of Representatives be apportioned to states on the basis of population. So, every decennary years we count up the number of people living in for each(prenominal) one state and making sure that each state gets at least one House member, divide up the rest of the seats among the states equally. articulates with large populations get a bigger amount of house seats smaller states get just the one. A variety of Supreme approach cases, however, have applied the 14th Amendments equal protection article to the work at of drawing legislative districts resulting in a requirement that each district have roughly the same population. So after each Census, states and localities have to redraw their district lines to ensure that the districts are roughly equal. This process redrawing of district lines has been blamed for almost every problem in American politics. The redistricting process therefore became a target for political reformers.In 2008, Californians enacted Prop. 11 and created the Citizens Redistricting Commission (C RC). State legislators would no longer be able to pick their own constituents. An breakaway commission would be in charge of drawing the lines for the Assembly and Senate. In 2010, the CRCs mandate was expanded to include House districts as well. The party in control of redistricting can weaken its oppositeness by wadding or cracking. Packing is to concentrate as many voters of the opposition party into a single electoral district to reduce their play in voting in separate districts.In some cases, this may be done to obtain representation for a community of common affair thus creating i. e. a minority group (Blacks or Hispanics) what is called a majority-minority district. snap is the spreading out of opposition voters across numerous safe districts which will dilute their voting percentage and its effect on the outcome. If representatives are demand to be residents of their districts, redistricting may redraw the boundary to exclude his/her house, or draw them into a distri ct where they will lose the next election.Gerrymandering is a very solemn problem. Effective gerrymanders can have significant policy implications. In California, for example, it makes a difference whether there are 23 or 24 Republicans in the Senate. If there are 23, Republicans cant stop Democratic efforts to pilfer taxes. If there are 24, Republicans can. By pre-determining election outcomes, gerrymandering makes actual voting less(prenominal) consequential, and therefore it should discourage voter turnout, but because of a lack of consciousness on the subject voter turnout is not significantly affected.Any variations in voter turnout mostly depend on voter age, income, education, go and ethnicity. Since voter turnouts include many races for offices in various regions, some of which may rattling be closely-contested, one or two foregone conclusions on the ballot will not diminish voter interest in other races. An effective way of combating gerrymandering is to follow the ex ample of California and enact something like to prop. 11 which will give the responsibility of redrawing the district line to indie non-partisan groups.This will remove partisan machinations from the drawing process and remove the below the belt advantage that incumbents have over challengers to their seats. Sources Cited * Humphreys. M. 2009. Can compactness constrain the Gerrymander? http//www. columbia. edu/mh2245/papers1/gerry. pdf * Smith, Kieth. On Gerrymandering and Its Effects. Web log post. Political Science at University of the Pacific. Pacificpoliticalscience. wordpress. com, 2 Nov. 2011. Web. 04 Mar. 2013.

Crime and Prostitution Essay

Prostitution is known as the oldest profession in the world, however, many another(prenominal) states in the U.S. outlaw it. The textbook definition of prostitution is the act or get along of engaging in sexual acts for money (Prostitution, Macmillan 805). Nevada is the first in the coupled States to legalize prostitution. Although the long stipulation effects of legalized prostitution is uncertain, the short term effects have been economically beneficial. Prostitution should be legalized because not besides could it financially benefit the country, but it could also reduce crime.There are many reasons why prostitution is illegal in 49 U.S. states today. First, and foremost, many mickle feel that prostitution should stay illegal in society to preserve morality. Parents do not want their children to grow up intellection that prostitution is acceptable. Worse yet, parents do not want to hear their children say, When I grow up, I want to be a prostitute. Christianity also looks dash off upon prostitution because according to their beliefs, the act of sex is only to be through with(p) when a man and a women are in love and married. monogamousness is to be practiced in the marriage, and any violation of this is considered a sin. some other reason why the preservation of morality is so important is that concourses morals shape the future of a nation. Many people feel that if prostitution is legalized, then its long term effects would be detrimental to the.

How to Mend a Broken Heart

How to doctor a Broken Heart A baffled heart is wizard of the most traumatic and botherful experience that you can have. It can feed you to devastation and low. In addition, when you are in a broken family relationship you feel like your world is f all in all(a)ing down and sometimes, the reason you extremity to give up your life. Here are the occuring steps on how to mend a broken heart. The first step in patch a broken heart is to cry aloud and let all the painful emotions drain out from your mind.When you are having hard time traffic your emotions, talk to your family and trusted friends. Sharing your feelings and seeking advice from your love ones, go away attend you overcome the pain. Letting go of your past is another step to follow in mending your broken heart. Stop thinking about the soul who has caused you pain. In order to hinder this person, you must get rid all the photos, gifts, letters and anything that reminds you of that person. Also, avoid visiting th e place that has your memories together. These steps will supporter you move on quicker.Even though its takes time to heal a broken heart, laughter is also one of the best steps. Through laughter, you will forget all the bad times you had and make you less depressed. In the meantime, fragmentise interesting hobbies that will keep you busy every day. For example, doing exercise or join some charity works. Keeping your mind busy will make you forget the painful break ups and even your suicidal thoughts. jibe to one of the Platinum Author in Ezine Articles, Nikki Frost Healing a broken heart is going to take some time.No matter how very much you think you have moved on, if you never handled the heartbreak properly, your emotions could be triggered at any time and by the smallest thing too. (qtd. in EzineArticles. com) Finally, pray to divinity for all the heartaches you had. Prayer are powerful and one of the most effectual steps to mend your broken heart. In addition, prayers ca n bring you peacefulness of mind, and will surely serving you in healing your broken heart. During this time, select guidance to the Lord especially when you open your heart to another person.Dont be afraid to love again but before you determine to give your love, think twice if this person is the right one for you and deserve to have you in his life. This will bring you happiness and will help your forget that you have been broken once. In conclusion, if these steps work to all who got broken hearted, there will be no more devastation, depression and suicidal thought in this world. People will recover the pain easily and will open their doors to love again without any hesitation.

Digital Libraries Essay

Ashley Tipton digital Libraries Introduction A simple definition of a digital depository library is a library where collections ar stored in digital formats instead of physical formats and entryible via computers. The content suffer then be accessed loc entirelyy, as in within a library, or remotely such as from other places on a college campus or from a economic consumptionrs home. Many people believe that digital libraries are the time to come. on that point are to a fault those that still hold on to the suasion that the traditional brick and mortar building is the air a library is sibyllic to be and that moving to the digital real is non the direction a library should be heading.History The development revolution is one of the marvels of the twentieth century. We are now living in an reading corporation where approximately everyone around us has a computer, a smartphone, and is connected to the mesh. As our society has become more(prenominal) and more connected, libraries founder also started to become more digitized. Library automation came into popularity in the early 1950s. It started with punched card applications to library adept services operations. In 1965, Licklider coined the phrase library of the rising to refer to his great deal of a fully computer-based library and then in 1978, F.W. Lancaster wrote of the news report little library (Harter, 1996). another(prenominal) terms later on that were delectationd to describe the library of the future were electronic library, virtual library, library without w onlys, and bionic library (Harter, 1996). The term digital library came to be from the Digital Libraries Initiative. In 1994, six universities in the join States were granted 24 million dollars for digital library research. This was brought on by the sudden boom of the Internet.Digital library is the name that was most wide adopted by academics, researchers, and librarians and is used to describe the process of digitizing i nformation resources. digitisation According to Ram Nath Maurya, there is a stress for three things in the digital world (Maurya, 2011) Awareness of information which gives the breath of vision. Awareness of engineering science which gives the power to make the visions manifest. Awareness of needs provide the insight to use professional skills and talents to greater effect.The meaning of this is that it is crucial for the user to shoot information that is easily locatable and easily accessible. Nowadays, library patrons have become information certified and no longer want to wait and go to the library to baffle what they need. They want to access it access the information electronic completelyy. The process of digitizing implies the production of a digital surrogate for a physical object (Unsworth, 2004). There are many assorted items in libraries that are digitized.This ranges from serials that can be shew either in print or online to rare books and archives that are now being preserved in a digital format. There are many positive outcomes that come from digitizing parts of a librarys collection. There is less cost in reshelving the item. The item is concurrently available to multiple users. The item does not have to be replaced, since it is not being used and there is no chance of it being lost. Also, if it is a rare item, it can be preserved more easily as it will be less frequently handled. Why Go Digital?The most valuable aspect of the digital library is its reduction in cost. There are many fees that are negated such as ply pay, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. This makes the cost of the digital library much less to maintain than that of a traditional library. Also, increased reduction in the use of publisher has a positive impact on the environment. Environmental scientists all over the world favor digital libraries to help reduce paper usage. Libraries that have a digital presence can be reached all over the world, thus allowi ng the library to have a far greater audience beyond their local community.Their collection can be shared and accessed from anywhere. As distance education becomes more popular, it is even more important for libraries to have an online presence. Students who might not be able to physically access their school librarys collection can instead bring forth what they need on their website. Many libraries are offering a deepen large amount of databases containing full-text journals and also electronic books. The interlibrary loan program allows students to indian lodge books from their birth school and other libraries without leaving their home.The role of the librarian in a digital library is still vastly important. They are need to package and repackage information. Librarians set up the proxies and open-URLs. They do electronic publishing, provide beginning instruction, and teach patrons how to use electronic resources. Also, there is always more information that needs to be dig itized. Disadvantages of Digital Libraries There are many threats to the nature of digital libraries. Computer viruses are a danger if libraries are not careful to protect their hardware and software.Also, the high initial cost of radical such as the hardware, software, network, and IT professionals can be a downside and then also the cost to maintain and upgrade when needed. Standardization is another issue that libraries can face when moving to a digital format. Each library is different and therefore it is extremely likely that each library will have a very different way of digitizing their collection and presenting their information online. some other potential problem is copyright. Digital libraries have to find a way to properly distribute information without violating copyright law.The copyright of the author has to be protected as items are digitized and put into an online collection. Future of Digital Libraries The future trend for libraries is to keep moving toward a di gital format. Daniel Akst, the author of The Webster Chronicle, sums it up in one simple statement the future of libraries-and of information-is digital. He states, every(prenominal) the problems associated with digital libraries are wrapped up in archiving, and goes on to state, if in 100 years people can still read your article, well have solved the problem.Computer storage continues to grow at an exponential rate and the cost keeps going down. It is believed that eventually, given the current advancement of technology, a person will be able to virtually access all recorded information. There are many large scale digitization projects underway at places such as Google, the Million Book Project, and Internet Archive. The technology behind scanners and the digitization techniques also keeps improving. There have been late(a) advancements in how books are handled and presentation technologies such as optical fiber recognition.Libraries will continue to become more equipped to di gitize their own collections and share them with the world. Bibliography Akst, Daniel. The Webster Chronicle. New York Bluehen, 2002. Print. Harter, S. (1996, September). What is a digital library? definitions, content, and issues. A paper presented at KOLISS DL 96 international conference on digital libraries and information services for the 21st century, Seoul, Korea. Retrieved from http//php. indiana. edu/harter/koreapaper. htm Lagoze, C. , Krafft, D. , Payette, S. , & Jesuroga, S. (2005). What is a digital library anymore, anyway?.D-Lib Magazine, 11(11), Retrieved from http//www. dlib. org/dlib/november05/lagoze/11lagoze. html Maurya, R. (2011). Digital library and digitization. International Journal of breeding Dissemination & Technology. , 1(4), 228-331. Retrieved from http//web. ebscohost. com. proxy. lib. fsu. edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=7&hid=9&sid=4c2e1991-9b6d-48bc-bd10-edec1ba6b69esessionmgr11 Unsworth, J. (2004, may 17). The value of digitization fo r libraries and humanities scholarship. Retrieved from http//people. lis. illinois. edu/unsworth/newberry. 04. html

MS 13

The MS 13 Gang has become unriv whollyed of the nearly notorious street gags in the get together States. Like most confederacys, MS 13 has a number of distinguishing features which can identify the work party and give way it from the various other inner circles that exist in the modern urban landscape.The medium age of an MS 13 gang up member is 16. This comes as a shocking fact to many people since that would peg the gang as primarily a teenage gang. While the average age of the gang may be 16 there is a great big bucks of diverse ages throughout that gang as a whole. That is, there atomic number 18 members of the gang who range in age from 13 38. Many of the previous(a) members are those who have been gangs for life.The gang is alike well known for its appetite to c everyplace themselves in tattoos. However, there are those who are moving off from this because the tattoos have a tendency to identify members of the gang easily. MS 13 also uses a hand sign known as th e devils head. This is correspondent to forming an upside down letter M with the fingers. The gangs colors are blueness and white which are in honor of the flag of El Salvador.The power structure of the gang is well organized having a number of chapters all over the United States. This shows significant growth from the early days when the gang was initially only based in California. This shows that the stage the gang is in is that of one that operates internationally as it has a presence in the United States and Latin America as well.MS 13 stands for Mara Salvatrucha which essentially office Salvadoran Gang Member. The number 13 is used because it is representative of luck. The gang has become one of the most powerful and well organized of all the gangs in the United States. The roots of the gang in the United States come across back to the early 1980s. in that location was a major civil struggle occurring in El Salvador and during this time period many Salvadoran immigrants f led their autochthonal land during the war torn unrest that was occurring in their home country.There are two pipelines for the gangs early days. One version states that the Salvadoran immigrants manifold with the other Hispanic gangs at first. Later, they would eventually form their own gang one which more clearly displayed their country of origins roots. The other version of the origin of the gang centers on the notion that the Salvadoran immigrants formed their own gang so as to protect themselves from other gangs in their neighborhoods.MS 13 is heavily involved involved in drug trafficking and immigrant smuggling. The gang is also involved in protection rackets, contract killings and other criminal activity. The tax revenue fueled by these pursuits has allowed MS 13 to grow in numbers pool and influence. This has occurred despite significant efforts by law enforcement to curtail the gangs activities and growth.The gangs primary geographical strongpoint is southern Califor nia where it has always maintained a strong presence. The gang, however, has grown in numbers and influence and has spread to many other regions of the United States. It is believed that the total number of MS 13 members is roughly 130,000BibliographyWalker, Robert. (2004) MS 13 GANGS OR US. Retrieved April 12, 2008 fromhttp//www.gangsorus.com/MS13.htm       

Preparation for professional practice.

INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this seek is to critic whole(prenominal)y analyse the professional percentages of do reserves, their account aptitude, collaborationism and their responsibilities when pickings attractorship and spotrial character references at all points in their c beer. This essay give be structured in two splitPart 1 forget counseling on the surgical regale of the inspection and repair progress excogitation during one of the motives design billets in an astute screen and refers to the recommended metamorphose which the fountain intends to implement. The plan for reassign is base on protecting diligents repast fourth dimensions. First, brief definitions give be given and an exploration of the concepts of counseling and lead leave behind be undertaken. Part 2 of this late ordain cerebrate on the professional development of the author upon devising as a supply suck in inwardly a fewer months which volition be discussed under the sect ion on military commission. SMARTER guess has been place in this easy as encyclopaedism compulsions. In pact with the treat and midwifery Council enroll of professional Conduct (NMC, 2008) all label and places in this essay depart be replaced with pseudonyms.PART 1 explanation OF MANAGEMENT harmonise to Huber (2010) caution in the context of nursing has been identified as involving the substance ab enforce of showd authority within contour lineal organisational, views, to co-ordinate, organise, channel and reassure responsible subordinates. In the identical context, Mckimm and Held (2009) described perplexity as the process of bringing unitedly or springing with nearlyones, assemblages and new(prenominal)(a) resources to accomplish organisational goals. Scott and stroke (2005) view focal point as directing and breakling a radical of singles for the intend of co-ordinating and harmonising those groups to defends achieving goals. Tormey (2009) ill ustrated the distinguishing characteristics of management and lead. (Cheery and Jacobs, 2005) state that a manager is one who is constitute to formal positions of organisational authority and dos legitimatised power to command, reward or punish the giveforce. On the new(prenominal) hand, a attractor is one who go away be equal to(p) to make kn confess, gain commitment, facilitate sort and achieve results by efficient and inventive means, with his/her pursual despite the absence of the formal position of power (Huber, 2010). draws seek the active involvement of those around them to achieve mutually agree goals leaders similarly seek the collective entrust of all heterogeneous, marching impact with leading opposite clinicians (Hersey et al., 2001). Crevani et al. (2010) suggest that leading is an adventure requiring a pioneering liveliness and lead learnings and social adroitness which differs from person to person Yoder-Wise (2011) states that the work o f makes is establish on management therefore, go fors withdraw founder leaders skills and management skills which be see to ited to be a major factor in improving direct person-centred interventions, achieve goals, objectives and finality qualification for quality fretting pro mickle. In devote to achieve the goals and objectives, managers of the organisation moldiness be conglomerate in the activities which accept universe qualified to analyse matters, establish objectives, formulate goals, plan strategies, communicate legally, efficiently handle change, conflict, as well as evaluate the dynamic spot dapple (McCrimmon, 2011) . Rosener (1990) cited in Barker, 2009) identified two types of leadership which intromit trans attainal and transformational leadership. Bass (2008) suggests that trans military actional leader focuses on management travails and leave not polariate the sh bed values of the police squad however, the transactional glide path is orie ntated and evict be effective when meeting deadlines or in an emergency. Cummings et al. (2008) concluded that the transformational leader recognises her/his followers potential and takes active interest in them and their development. The transformational leader inspires, forces chastity beyond mere t enquire, encourages employees to become autonomous and solution foc employ, stimulates interest among followers to view work from a fresh perspective, generates an aw arness of vision towards which the aggroup is headed, develops followers to blueer trains of ability and potential ((Rolfe, 2011). LEADERSHIP STYLESHersey et al. (2001) on the other(a) hand identified contrasting leadership airs however, for the purpose of this easy the author here go forth focus on three styles which complicate irresponsible, parliamentary and laissez-faire(prenominal). Hersey et al. further state that near ab by pile are able to immix the three styles of leadership and adopt a style t o match the situation at hand. The autocratic leader is likely to make decisions on his or her profess and give lays this style provide create antagonism and combine which might hold back originality and advancement (Bass, 2008). Democratic leaders are more drawn towards relationships they encourage group discussions and seek consensus where all decision do is agreed by the whole group (Hersey et al., 2001). This style of leadership whitethorn be slow because of every member of the group being considered however, it is a favourite leadership style among the nursing profession (Grint, 2005). fit in to Hersey et al. (2001) the laissez-faire leadership style promotes complete freedom and is known to bequeath rasets to take their own course this is because there whitethorn never be a expel decision. Again Hersey et al. further state that there is no one style which is correct than the others as they all bedevil their own wagess and disadvantages. As specified previously, th e situation will determine the styles to be apply to achieve the goals (Hersey et al., 2001).IMPROVEMENT PLANThe cleansement plan was formulated during the authors recent work stunned placement in the Psychiatric intense kick whole (PICU) which leads intensive cover management portion for individuals who are disturbed and exhibiting extremely unfounded and aggressive demeanour. According to Allan (1988), whatsoever patient brought to this building block substantial(prenominal) be on section of the psychical health constitute (MHA, 1983), a persona from the severity of an individuals illness, in determine to qualify for admission to the ward. During this placement, the author of this essay sight that there had m either and ongoing interruptions and arguments in the midst of just aboutwhat patients and rung during meal clips. In addition, module members who were sibyllic to go to during meal periods frequently claimed to be very busy. This untenable sit uation prompted the author to suggest introducing Protected Meal eons to the team. The rationale for choosing this modifyment plan was because whatsoever of the patients on that ward were not encourage or harbour by supply member during mealtimes, brinyly those elderly patients who were chance uponing it very uncorrectable to eat and drink unassisted. M whatever patients were on music that was causing them undecomposed side-effects much(prenominal) as dehydration and constipation, so they needed to be encouraged to go for seemly and healthy dietary brainchild. The author therefore had a discussion with their instruct and other multidisciplinary team members regarding this issue and they all supported the need for a meeting to resolve the above issue.Initially, the author felt up very nervous ab forth introducing this new go up to the team members, overdue to lack of confidence and knowledge. The key point of the change was formulateed to all the patients. A pro posal was dictate forward after(prenominal) the meeting regarding and defining the topic, viz. Protected Mealtimes and the patients on the ward were given the hazard to voice their own opinions on what they thought ab come out the new proposal. The patients gave a positively bamd verdict on the proposal. The National Catering and Nutrition Specification (2008) markd protected mealtimes as a period when all non-imperative activities and treatments essential stop, in secern to allow patients to eat and enjoy meals without being interrupted by whatever other activity on the ward. It should be a period during which round members need to encourage the adequate consumption of dietary intake and provide an milieu which is very conducive to eating and is friendly and hygienic. It is alike a time when round members need to ensure that mealtimes are a kind and relaxing social experience for all patients ( empurpled College of treat, 2007). The author took on the percentage of a democratic leader which according to Hersey et al. (2001) looks more towards relationships which encourage group discussion, consensus and group decisions, rather than the leader alone making the decision when introducing change. According to Greenhalgh and Heath, 2010) therapeutic relationship, engagement, listening skills and effective communion skills played an eventful role during the meeting detailed above, because the team members, as well as the patients were all equally convinced that the issues raised by the author were pertinent and essential, in damage of the patients satisfaction.It was agreed in the meeting that, during mealtimes, there would be no drug round, no activities by occupational therapy staff, no visitors allowed on the ward during mealtimes, and no domestic work carried out. All the televisions would be switched off, dormitories, day rooms, shower bath rooms and activity rooms should be locked. All the staff members and patients on the ward mustines s be present in the dinning commonwealth during mealtimes, in order to avoid distraction as advised by (RCN, 2007). The change was implemented within a few days of the meeting. Initially, it was not easy, still within a few days everybody on the ward adjusted. Moreover, some patients who normally isolated themselves from group activities on the ward now began to act and engage well in conversation during mealtimes. Staff members were encouraging/ advance and showing compassion to all the patients, mainly some of the elderly patients, with superb dietary intake which showed inhibit explosive charge for patients. Such changes had a epochal effect on the provision of ward swear out. According to Age UK (2010), appropriate nutritional commission for patients in the hospital is very important, because it decreases the jeopardy of malnutrition, obesity and its associated complications.CHANGE MANAGEMENTAccording to Christie and Robinson (2009), it is essential to waste a plan for how things will be accomplished when implementing a change in whatever clinical condition. Change management in a nursing readyting means observing things that happen or are done otherwise for the benefit of the patients. Braine (2006) punctuateed that for a change to be implemented success full moony, there must be an awareness of the need to change, a desire to support and figure in the change, the knowledge to change, the ability to implement the change and the resources to give the change. OConnell et al. (2008) advised that as a change management representative for protected mealtimes, simple implementation would focus on the need for nurses to engage, affect and participate in the change. Allan (2007) identified three stages for the change process which implicate unfreeze, change and refreeze. Allan emphasised that during the unfreeze stage, a proposed change involve a clear aim, so that the individuals preparedness it will turn in no question why, kno w the rationale and the benefit will be explained to others.The National be of clinical Excellence (2007b) has identified some barriers that hinder change management within the multidisciplinary team, many of which were evident in this particular poser. These include the monetary and political environment which john affect a professionals ability and penury to change. Garon (2012) concluded that a lack of awareness and sagacity in an organisations nursing management theories establish shown that the focusing in which an organisation is managed can affect nurses confidence to communicate the need for change. Maddock (2002) argued that the flackes to change and the proposal thereof whitethorn be ineffective unless individuals management strategies are put in place to develop leaders. ACCOUNTABILITY/ officeAccording to Marquis et al. (2009) one of the legal requirements of a registered nurse is duty. scrivener et al. (2011) identified that accountability involves the abil ity of the nurse to define every action he/she carries out. The (NMC, 2008) emphasised that accountability is seen as being of great richness and a qualified nurse is responsible for his/her own actions such(prenominal) as charge, delegation, creative acts, intervention, assessing a situation or follow-up concerns. NMC (2008) further explained that the blameless health share professionals are accountable and responsible for any action, erroneous belief or omission made in practice. Huber (2006) states that as members of a multidisciplinary team, nurses must maintain their professional accountability. Nurses should besides be able to use their communication skills to make complicated information imageable, explain choices, offer reassurance, look out for side-effects and liaise with medical colleagues about the subsequent progress of individuals with mental health fusss (Garon, 2012). This was seen as a critical aspect of the operation here with unshakable reviews bein g planned to evaluate the success of the change and to amend the program where appropriate.Furthermore, if a nurse is meant to delegate care to another professional or support worker, she/he must delegate in effect and should be accountable for the appropriateness of the delegation. During one of the authors practice placements in the acute ward, a newly qualified nurse delegated the task of security nurse to an agency staff who was very new on the ward. This agency staff let one of the patients out of the ward, not knowing that the patient was on level 1 observation restricted to the ward and the patient absconded from the unit. This resulted in an investigation which revealed that the newly qualified nurse did not delegate the task properly and did not communicate effectively. This raised the question of accountability and office.The specifics of the nurses role are identified as being responsible for assessment, planning, the delivery of care and the evaluation of nursing care for their patients (NMC, 2008). According to RCN, 2011), nurses are accountable and responsible, on a daily basis, filming out patient care most of the time and acting as care provider. Nurses spend a penny the function for communicating the relevant information infallible for the patient to receive their full nursing care provision (NMC, 2008).(RCN, 1992) excessively states that with an increase in the level of duty and accountability, nurses need adequate formulation and competence to develop these changes. It is the indebtedness of the nurses to make sure that patients are suitably dressed and eat their meals, go in any case managing their welfare rights and dealing with individuals psychological distresses theses roles have to be carried out in conjunction with running organisational demands (RCN, 2011).INTER-PROFESSIONAL COLLABORATIONOrchard et al. (2005) described inter-professional collaboration as a combination of different professionals working together in a partn ership in order to achieve common goals, establish a therapeutic relationship, showing respect for others and the skilled therapeutic use of self. On the other hand, inter-professional collaboration means the adoption of multi-disciplinary and multi-agency working as the most effective route towards comprehensive mental healthcare (Audrey, 2003). However, Garon (2012) states that when talk of the town about change in inter-professional collaborative team work, it is important to consider how staff members would need to be motivated to accept and welcome this change. It is to a fault very important to select the right leader, which was a key advantage of this approach, to implement the change and involve all team members in the change process, as well as considering the safety of the patients, their comprehensive care and the stress the change might cause (NICE, 2007b).CONCLUSIONDuring this implementation of Protected Mealtimes, all the team members on the ward worked collaborative ly, demonstrated excellent communication skills, showed motivation and were very enthusiastic and committed to the plan.Word count 2,200.PART 2THE PROFESSIONAL evolution PLAN (PDP)The purpose of writing this professional development plan is to prize and reflect on a facet of the professional development experience by the author during their three-year course. It will alike enable the author to work efficiently and effectively in their orbits of weakness and help to sustain ambits of strength, as well as developing delegation skills in the nursing environment, upon qualification. In order to accomplish these goals, a plan utilising SMARTER theory (Specific, Measurable, Realistic, Timely, Ethical and save/ Reflective ( vermiform process 1) is proposed. During the three years of nursing training, the author of this essay has utilize Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), as a framework for reflection on day-to-day actions, strengths and weaknesses. According to Brechin (2000), reflect ion means not only intellection about a situation, provided also using it as a form of systematic appraisal of the events that have occurred and as an examination of an individuals ability to learn from the experience and influence future practice.During this placement in the acute ward, the author discovered that assign duties to staff when co-ordinating pushs was a far more complex issue than originally anticipated. The RCN (2006) described delegation in nursing as a process of en institutionaliseing or allocating debt instrument to another person who is seen as being able to add out such a task. The nurse and Midwifery Council (2008) states that a nurses job cannot be entire or carried out without delegating some part of the care functions to others, as it is highly impossible to deliver heart care for different patients with different care inevitably. Barr and Dowding (2008) in their interrogation emphasised that delegation is a critical leadership skill that must be learned.This became evident when considering a situation which emerged when dealing with a violent patient in a ward environment. In order to delegate tasks relating to this individual it was necessary to use confidence, communication, courate, compassion, competence and care. On the whole this was doen comparatively well by myself however it was found that the newly qualified staff nurse is more likely to be unfamiliar with the procedure delegated to him and this made communication a more vital so that steerage could be obtained. Having identified a weakness in the authors ability to delegate, this communication in the midst of the two parties in the case mentioned above was employ as a clear example of how greater comfort from the process of delegation could be obtained. This would in turn improve confidence.By watching delegations within the ward environment it became apparent to the author that there were greater difficulties when the manager employ the autocratic style and this often created hostility amongst other staff and may hinder creativity and improvement. This brought the managers delegation skills into question. There was also an increased danger that the more junior member of staff would find themselves unsupervised in an inappropriate and unacceptable way according to RCN (2011). This leadership style as described by Bass 2008 as creating difficulties. Where better delegation communication were used the author was much more gentle with the delegation process as they were aware that the process would be used appropriately and would be successful. With this in mind the PDP going forward would focus on risk management and controlling the process without pursuance an autocratic style which would lead to loss of control when delegating.CONCLUSIONThe author of this essay has learned from undertaking this appellative that delegation not only saves time, unless is also an essential skill which a registered nurse must posses it is also requires good leadership and is an important role for every nurse involved in health care delivery. Through this Personal Development protrude (PDP), ad hominem areas of weakness have been identified which the author is currently striving very hard to correct. REFERENCE LISTSAllan, E., 2007. Change management for school nurse in Scotland. nursing Standard. 21, (42) 35-39.Allan, E., 1988. platformning a psychiatric intensive care unit. Intensive condole with for people with serious mental illness. Hospital and participation Psychiatric, Vol- 39.Bass, B.M., 2008. The Bass Handbook of leadership Theory, Research and Managerial Applications. 4th ed. bleak York Free Press.Bass, B.M., and Avolio, B.J., 1994. Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. capital of the United Kingdom Sage.Braine, M., 2006. Clinical governance applying theory to practice. nursing Standard. 20, (20) 56-65.Brechin, A., 2000. Introducing critical practice. In Brechin, A., Brown , H. Eby, M., eds. Clinical practice in wellness and Social Care. capital of the United Kingdom SageCummings, J., 2012. Developing a Vision and Strategy for Nursing, Midwifery and Care- Givers, tinyurl. Com/c89xe4x Last accessed may 2 2012.Cherry, B., and Jacobs, S., 2995. Contemporary Nursing Issues trends and management. 3rd ed. Elsevier wellness Science.Christie, P., and Robinson, H., 2009. Using a communication framework at handover to boost patient outcomes. Nursing Times, 105,(47) 13-15.Crevani, L.,Lindgren, M., Packendororff, J., 2010. leaders, not leaders on the excogitate of leadership as practices and interactions. Scadinavavian diary of worry. 26 (1)77-86.Cummings, G., Lee, H., Macgregor, T., 2008. Factors contributing to nursing leadership a systematic review. Journal of Health works. Research and Policy. 13(4) 240-248.Department of Health, 2008. Code of Practice Mental Health Act 1983. capital of the United Kingdom DoH.Doran, G.T., 1981. Theres SMART way to write managements goals and objectives. Management Review. 70, (11) 35-36. nourishment in Hospitals National Catering and Nutrition Specification, 2008. Last accessed on 30 whitethorn 2013.Garon, M., 2012. Speaking up, being heard registered nurse perceptions of workplace communication. Journal of Nursing Management. 56, (2) 35-39.Green, T., Heath, I., 2010. Measuring Relationship. London The Kings Fund.Gibbs, G., 1988. Learning by doing A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford Further Education Oxford.Hersey, P., Blanchard, K.H., and Johnson, D.E., 2001. Management of organizational behaviours leading human resources. 8th ed. upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice- Hall.Huber, D.L., 2010. leading and nursing care management.4th ed. Maryland Heights Saunders Elsevier.Huber, D.L., 2006. lead and Nursing Care Management. 3rd ed. Lowa. The University of Lowa The University of Lowa.Maddock, S., 2002. Making modernisation work new narratives change strategies and people management in the public sector. International Journal of public heavens Management. 15, (1) 13-43.Marquis, B.L., and Huston, C.J., 2009. Leadership roles and management functions in nursing theory and applications. 6th ed. London Wolters Kluwer Health/ Lippincott William and Wilkins.McConnell, C.R., 2007. The effective Health care Supervisor. 6th ed. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlet Publishers.McKimm, J., and Held, S., 2009. The compulsion of Leadership Theory From the Twentieth to the Twentieth-First Century. In McKimm, J., and Phillips, K., eds. 2009. Leadership and Management in Integrated Services. Exeter Learning Matters. Ch1.National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2007b. How to change practice. London NICE.National Institute for Innovation and Improvement, 2013. NHS Change Model Our Shared Purpose. Tinyurl, com/bwefn79 Last accessed May 2 2013.National patient Safety Agency 2007.Protected Mealtimes review Findings and Recommendations Report.Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008. The Code S tandards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nursing and Midwives. London NMC.OConnell, B., Macdonald, K., and Kelly, C., 2008.Nursing handover time change. Contemporary Nurse. 30 (1) 2-11 Creating a husbandry for Interdisciplinary.Orchard, C.A., Curran, V., Kabene, S., 2005. Creating a Culture for Interdisciplinary. Collaborative Professional Practice. Medical Education.Rolfe, P., 2011. Transformational leadership theory What every leader needs to know. Nurse Leader. 9, (2) 54-57Royal College of Nursing. 2012b Health and Social Care Act 2012. Tinyurl.com/HealthSocialCareAct2012 Last accessed May 9 2013.Royal College of Nursing, 2011. Accountability and Delegation What you need to know. Royal Collage of Nursing. London RNC.Rosener, J.B., 1990. Ways women lead. Harvard Business Review. In Barker, P., 2009. Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. The Craft of Caring. 2nd ed. London Hodder Arnold.Scrivener, R., 2011. Accountability and Responsibility Principles of Nursing Practice. Nursing Standard, 25, (29) 35-36.Scott, L., and Caress, A.L., 2005. Shared governance and divided up leadership meeting the challenges of implementation. Journal of Nursing Management, 13(1) 4-12.Tomey, A.M., 2009. Guide to nursing management and leadership. 8th ed. St Louis, MO Mosby/ Elsevier.Yoder-Wise, P., 2011. stellar(a) and Managing in Nursing. 5th ed. St Louis Elsevier Mosby.APPENDIX- 1 S.M A.R.T.E.R PLAN SPECIFICSWithin sextette months of the preceptor-ship course, there will be a need to build better confidence that will improve communication skills which will support the author in their nursing career. MEASURABLEHow can one as indisputable that the intended outcomes have been achievedThe learning outcomes will be gained via the professionals consultants, occupational therapist, staff nurses and preceptor-ship mentor involved. The author is cocksure that these professionals have the necessary assertive skills that will help achieve the desired learning outcomes. ac hievableThe intention is to attend training courses, discuss any difficulties experienced with the preceptor-ship mentor or manager of the ward or any member of staff, and incorporate the proposal as advice. REALISTICWithin three months of completion of the nursing course, it is anticipated that the author will be able to demonstrate effective leadership, delegating tasks properly, and entrusting responsibility to a person who is perceived as being able to carry out these tasks by utilising ones newly gained assertiveness skills. incidentally Within three months of registration, an evaluation of achievements will be carried out and competencies will be examined frequently by the preceptor-ship mentor. The aim is to be constantly monitored by members of the team and to reflect upon performance and the impact of these actions. If there are any obstacles to achieving these goals or any concern from the team about the authors approach, these issues will be discussed with the preceptor -ship mentor or ward manager, as this will facilitate the development of ongoing skills. ETHICALBeing knowledgeable about ethical issues such as social and cultural, rights, confidentiality and being aware of how this might impact on ones practice. As a nurse there is a need to ensure that the patients autonomy is respected. RECORDED/REFLECTIVEReflection on personal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats ( lift), on a regular basis. addition 2 SWOT Analysis MY STRENGTHSThe SWOT analysis has helped me to develop, maintain a learning environment in which some(prenominal) direction and lifelong learning are seen as integral to clinical backing, to work and focus on the goals and strategies, enable me to crack the opportunities I would love to achieve and work very hard to sheer my weakness and increase my strength.With the aid of SWOT analysis, I have been able to identify my strength as being a good team player, good listener, a good communicator and interact ing well with my colleagues and patients. Showing compassion to my patients and having the ability to work under pressure. I like taking the lead and I am always happy when people appreciate me, it makes me happy and also motivates me. MY WEAKNESSI identify my weakness as being tardily distracted, tending to carry out many tasks at a time and I am always fearful of making mistakes. I also felt that there are some areas I lack leadership skills such as being a good delegator because Barr and Dowding (2008) in their research emphasised that delegation is a critical leadership skill that must be learned. I find it complex to delegate duties when coordinate shifts. OPPORTUNITIESMy opportunities are to update my knowledge in relation to the new pre-registration courses which include existing didacticsal, personal and professional career development within the establishment. During this my practice placement I also had the prospect to learn and share ideas with my colleagues, h ad the opportunity for questioning and giving feedback. THREATSMy threatsare whilst on this practice placement, I found some areas very stressful. I discovered that some of the mentors were unfamiliar with the new- pre registration course of study and unaware of the needs of the nursing students in relation to the learning opportunities or activities.Appendix 3 Service Improvement Activity Notification invent learner DetailsStudent SID Number 0820968 Details of student stipulation on which the proposed improvement is based. I must treat individuals kindly and considerately. I will provide a high standard of practice and care at all times. I will respect individuals confidentiality. I must show compassion and unconditional positive regard to my clients. I must disclose information, if I believe some one may be at risk of harming him/her self in line with the law of the inelegant in which I am practising. I must listen to individual in my care and respond to their concerns and preferences. Details of proposed run improvement pop/activityThe service improvement initiative is to facilitate defend Patient Meal Time in the Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). The purpose of this service improvement is to help and manage mealtimes without unnecessary and avertible interruptions. Mealtimes are not only a vehicle to provide patients with adequate nutrition, but also provide an opportunity to support social interaction amongst patients. Reason for developmentDuring my practice placement in the PICU. I discovered that there have been a lot of interruptions and argument between some patients and staff during meal time and also staff members who supposed to assist during meal time always claimed to be very busy. This made me discern to introduce to the team about Protected Mealtimes. This development is to support those patients who were conclusion it very difficult to eat or drink. Time spent on the project/activityThe service improvement lasted for the period four weeks because I first and foremost had the meeting with the multidisciplinary team members before introducing the change to the patients. Resources used National Health Service (NHS boarder) Evidence on topic relating defend Meal Time tuition from in the internet.Policy and regulation from the trustText bookSome information from dietician. Who will be involved? The ward consultantMy mentor as a nursing staff,occupational therapist staffSupport workerThe ward managerThe dieticianMyself( a student nurse) Future plansThe future plans are for me to distribute leaflets to the other professionals for them to read it in the internet and be awareness of the protecting meal time.Date discussed with clinical staff in placement area dressing for Professional Practice.?IntroductionWhilst on the unit I became come to when I noticed some service exploiters were being dispatch without proper education on how to manage their self-medicament authorities. This concerned me as it ap peared to be a sinful cycle as I witnessed some service users being discharged without having a proper follow-up education on self-medication which in certain cases led to non-adherence to their medication which consequently sometimes led to their relapse. For this cycle to be broken, I have realised that a proper education system, which would implicate simple terminologies or understandable statements for service users to understand and learn how to manage their self-medication regime, should be put in place.Accordingly, this assignment will explain management and leadership styles related to a service improvement in the clinical area where I commenced my management placement. Applying management and leadership theory to practice, I will explain the reasons for my actions and will identify my strengths and weaknesses in terms of my leadership and management skills used whilst on placement.Adhering to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008) an d general good confidentiality prudence, all names and places mentioned in this assignment have been changed to a pseudonym.?Leadership Styles &038 Management?In the mental health nursing profession, the management role cannot be averted, whether it is in managing a unit or improving services. Management is widely considered to be concerned with controlling, organising, planning, and problem-solving (Kotter, 1996 cited in Kings Fund, 2011). Yoder-Wise (2007) goes further on this point and states that management is concerned with the work of any individual who guides others through a series of routines, procedures or predefined practice guidelines. Moreover, leadership like management, has become a pivotal gene of National Health Service (NHS) policy. This policy has on the most part been driven by the rising expectations of citizens who are now demanding to see an improvement in the quality of the services given to the service users and their families. Although management and lead ership are somewhat different, both actions tend to overlap each other in terms of governing employees and organisation.Foster (2001) points out that management depends only when on the managers understanding of working with people of different backgrounds, having a good perception of situations and being able to aspire. On the other hand, leadership is an even more critical requirement within the NHS setting this enables clinicians to demonstrate their leadership skills at all stages in health care provision and in new changes of services. Barker (2003), identifies leadership is a role of importance, emphasing that the role of a leader is dependent on his orher effective interpersonal skills. Oliver (2006) elucidates further by providing a list of qualities that are generally considered to define leadership, asserting that leaders must be capable of exploring personal and team motives and beliefs that can bring about change or perceived vision of success.Ellis and Hartley (2005) in agreement with Oliver (2006), state that leaders carry out this process by being ethical, respecting values, educate, motivate and direct the followers towards their objectives and goals. Consequently, leadership is undeniable to be much more than just mere management skills that require getting the job done (Kings Fund, 2011 what page?). Over time, it has been posited that individuals are born either natural leaders or that they learn the qualities that are necessary for effective leadership roles (Hawkins &038Thornton, 2002 Austin et al., 2003). There are a number of leadership styles but I will now focus on the main types.Autocratic leadership styles can range from appealing to very rigid (Likert, 1967). In extremis, the use of authoritarian leadership, communications and activities can occur in a closed system. Autocratic leaders are considered to make all the decisions themselves and allow subordinates no influence in the decision-making processes (Grohar-Murray &038 Di croce 1997). They will exercise their power, sometimes coupled with coercion, and are indifferent to personal needs of their subordinates. Failure to meet such leaders goals can result in punishment. Autocratic leaders are known to be insistent, firm, self-assured and dominating, be it with or without actual intent.Such leaders smell out little confidence or trust in their workers and as such, workers will fear theses leaders, whom they will feel have little in common. McGregor (1960) has produced what is perhaps considered the most famous interpretation of such attitudes assumed by autocratic leaders stating thatsuch a style of leadership excludes subordinates from the process of decision making and will assign work without consulting subordinates or knowing their inclinations and desires. The leader is in complete control and gives no room for subordinates to participate or offer opinions no matter how it may benefit (Daniels, 2004).Contrary to the autocratic style, democratic leadership involves the leader allowing employees to participate in decision making and at the same time provides guidance and direction (Anne, 1992). The most important finding arising from this work is that this leadership behaviour directly influences the climate and productivity of employees (Anna, 1992). A second important bag is that overall, the democratic leadership style has been known to be one of the most successful approaches because as initially stated, it allows employees to participate in decision making while at the same time supports, guides and counsels the followership (Anna, 1992.) However, critics have stated that on the basis of production, things move at a slower pace and this may lead to frustration amongst employees, especially those who tend to work faster in decision making process (Marquis, 2000). Notwithstanding, this democratic leadership still produces a high quality input from employees. This leadership builds trust amongst leaders and employees w hich and so produces a cooperative team working relationship and builds high morale in the work environment.Accordingly, the democratic leadership approach should therefore not be used enough when urgent decision making matters arise, for example decisions on issues of staffing, budgeting etc. In this situation it is more effective if a senior management makes the decision as this would be swift and the cost would be less as the business of any organisation cannot undergo to make mistakes. Here, it is demonstrated how different leadership styles are required for different tasks and how in some positions certain leadership styles are more appropriate.The laissez-faire leadership is at the extreme opposite end of the spectrum from autocratic styles of leadership. nether a laissez-faire style of leadership the attitude is one of both permissiveness or ultra-liberalism in which there is a lack of control or centeral direction. . Thus, in different situations the same leader averted ly can use leadership of different styles. If a leader manages to combines all the leadership styles that have been mentioned than it is known as a situational leadership style. A situational leader adjusts styles of surgery depending on a particular position at that point of time and this is said to be another effective leadership style (Murthy 2005). This can be attributed to the Path-Goal theory approach. The Path-Goal theory supports the situational theory as it gives emphasises on the same leader using different types of leadership approach (Murthy, 2005). This theory was real to examine the method acting in which leaders encourage their employees to achieve set goals (Murthy, 2005). It is important for leaders to have a sense of maturity to their staff as this approach builds a less task focused approach and into a relationship focused orientated (Forster, 2001).According to McGuire &038 Kennerly (2006) transactional leadership is a technique of leading an organisation thr ough routine transactions such as rewards and discipline that are applied to the task after getting accomplished. Thus, it is almost completely based on the transactions that are breedinged between the leader and the subordinate staff members because it is grounded on a theory that such workers can be and are motivated by rewards and discipline. A transactional leader will generally not look ahead whilst strategically manoeuvre an organisation to a position of market leadership instead such leaders are exclusively concerned with making sure everything flows swimmingly (McGuire &038 Kennerly, 2006). The attributes of transactional leadership is that the nurse leader has authority over the employee by following organisation policies and regulation. Employees comply and follow directives and rewards are given in form of salary. This style of leadership essentially identifies itself repeatedly with the autocratic approach of the leader often responsible for creating staff commitment a nd building staff morale, as well as utilising intellectual stimulation and consideration of others. For this leadership approach to be effective, the leader depends on the loyalty of the employees (Marriner-Tomey, 2004).With all these styles of leadership and management now considered. I will now utilise these to analyse and explain my self-medication observations and theory.?Self-medication Information?As discussed this assignment is focussed on improving the method in which self-medication information is carried out with service users. The reason for this decision is to promote self-medication management and help reduce the rate of non-compliance in medication and relapse. This approach will support service users as well as improve their knowledge of medication and it will prepare them for a healthy discharge. Information on self-administration of medicines is incredibly useful as it enables service users to manage their intake and promote their adherence to medication.The NMC G uidelines for the Administration of Medicines (2002a) states that the NMC supports self-administration of medicines and medicine administration carried out by carers, whenever appropriate. However, the safety and storehouse arrangements must be considered when necessary procedure is put in place. The nurse in charge therefore must carry out a decision on the basis of professional conduct that adheres with the NMC Code of Proffesional Conduct (2008), as the nurse would be accountable for their certain decision and omissions. When administering medication or supporting servicesto users who oversee their own self-medication regime the nurse must exercise their professional judgement and use effective skills and follow trust policy and regulations.Self-medication, where appropriate, is supported by the Nursing and Midwifery Council in the document Standards for Medicines Management (2007).It is apparent that the process of self-medication has made clear that it can help make service users become more familiar, confident and have better self-esteem by managing their own medication regime. The opportunity for service users to learn about medication through health education will ultimately improve their medication concordance before and after discharge.According to Nicklos (2010), change management is a methodical way of dealing with a change, both from the view of the organisation and on to the individual. Although an ambiguous term, change management has at least three different aspects, including bu adapting to change to an area of professional practice, controlling change, and effecting change. A proactive approach to dealing with such change is undeniably at the core of all three of these aspects. Fred (2010), goes even further to state that change does not always come from within organisations but could be from legislation or current national guidelines which have been passed as a law and become enforced making it mandatory..Changes to services and organisa tion may impact on the position, role and even the situation of individuals and therefore can test levels of self-confidence as well as confidence in others. Change requires new clinical responsibilities, time for training and development and require openness to different ways of doing things and as such requires letting go of a previous practice. Such challenges make the planning of the change process a prerequisite for success (Michele, 2010). Accordingly, it is vital to cut into the importance of change management as it gives a both positive and negative picture of what a change can bring.When I was view of my service user initiatives I had to consider some things such as time, as this allowed me to see if my change was hardheaded. My placement was on a refilling unit where the recovery star tool was used to support service users in identifying their needs. Using the recovery ladder of change, a course of action was set in place to support service users care plan. The purpos e of the replacement unit was based on a form of reformation that focused on helping service users to recover lost skills in coping with the demands of everyday lives.In the management of their medication in the rehabilitation unit, the nurses in charge are there to support and guide the service users in knowing what they are taking and when they should take their medication. By supporting and guiding service users to self-manage their medication improves both independence and helps them for forthcoming discharge. in the first place self-administration starts for service users, qualified nursing staff, or preferably pharmacist, should educate when, how and what is needed to be done. There are three stages at which service users can come to managing their medication. Stage 1 involves medications being stored in the medicine console table and at the right time the nurse in charge inauguration the cabinet and prompting service user to take their medication.At stage 2 the nurse in c harge is accountable and responsible for the safe storage of the medication cupboard. During administration of medication the service user will ask the nurse in charge to open medication cupboard without prompting. The service user would then administer the medication under the supervision of the nurse in charge.Stage 3 would then be when the service user accepts full responsibility for managing the storage and administration of their medications. The nurse in charge then assesses and observes the service users verbal response and medication compliance. Once there is full clarity and positive observations of the service users self-medication management, they can get discharged back into the community. A problem I faced was how I would actually communicate this change to staff in the unit. To communicate is a transactional action where is sharing of ideas, beliefs and knowledge (Sen, 2007). in force(p) communication is an important skill all leaders should have because in a way of in troducing something new and if done properly, it can allow staff to accept and receive change. Communication also gives room for staff for feedback and upbraiding (Sen, 2007).Another essential practice in a care setting is collaborative working. This allows professional to share their decisions and opinions (David et al, 1996). Within a team their views and shared ideas are important in an event of proposing change.In this assignment I have come to understand that the roles of leaders and managers is not merely just about giving orders but requires vital skills in communication, behaviour and approach to produce positive result. I requires telling people what to do but also making sure that it is within their competency level and realistic, is necessary for an effective working environment NMC (2008). My identified weakness was in the area of delegation as I needed to be more assertive. This is a skill that I hope to improve in my career as qualified mental health nurse. Professio nal Development PlanIn this assignment, I will reflect on my weakness in terms of delegation which was an area in which I had to develop. Delegation has been defined as the process by which responsibility and authority for promoting a task (function, activity, or decision is transferred to another individual who accepts that authority (Sullivan &038 Decker, 2009, p135). However, Marquis &038 Huston (2009) have also defined it simply as getting work done through others. Regardless, it is worth noting that responsibility and accountability are not and do not mean the same thing. Whilst a delegator is entirely accountable to the task, the delegate will also be accountable to the delegator for the responsibilities assumed (American Nurses Association (ANA) and National Council of arouse Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) (2005), cited in Gopee &038 Galloway, 2009 Sullivan &038 Decker, 2009). The Nursing and Midwifery Council expects all nurses to acknowledge any limits of personal knowledge a nd skill and take steps to remedy any relevant deficits in order effectively and appropriately to meet the needs to service users and clients (NMC, 2005).Yoder-Wise (2011) notes thatif delegation is to occur, there should be mutual acceptance between both the delegator, who has the accountability, and delegate, who assumes the responsibility for performing the tasks and is consequently empowered (Sullivan &038 Decker, 2009). However, Sullivan &038 Decker have elegant that while responsibility is an obligation to successfully completing a task, accountability also means accepting the overall outcome whether it be ill or success of the task. Further, illustrating this, Yoder-Wise (2011) explains that when two registered nurses work are to work together sharing a task, then delegation does not occur. It is also important to explain that tasks can only delegate tasks for which we are responsible (Sullivan &038 Decker, 2009 Yoder-Wise, 2011).Sullivan &038 Decker have also noted tha t, once a delegate gains confidence, they become motivated and as such will begin to see their morale boosted to actively take on new challenges. They also expand add that although delegation can be learned, it essentially promotes teamwork and improves efficiency. Applying this to nursing, it is stressed that appropriate level of supervision has to be put in place to the delegate to ensure that tasks that have been delegated are completed effectively and safely (NMC, 2008b). The best interest of the patient should always be the overriding consideration when delegating tasks rather than miserliness time or money (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). Delegation has increasingly become an essential aspect of nursing in the United Kingdom because of staff shortages and high turnover in the face of ever-mounting demand for a variety of skills in health care (Curtis &038 Nicholl, 2004).With regard to my clinical management placement experience, I found I was less assertive when instructed by my mentor to delegate tasks as part of my learning. I freely admit that my timidity stemmed from being raised in a foreign country and as such the I felt intimated when delegating.As English is not my essential language there have been occasions when some of my colleagues, and even boyfriend students at university, have informed me that they are indeed unable to understand my accent. I realise that this is unacceptable because I am expected and will be required to be clear, concise and detailed when describing the objective, limits, expectations and outcome of the tasks to my delegates (Currie, 2008 Sullivan &038 Decker, 2009). Moreover, as a student nurse, I have often felt intimidate when delegating tasks to other staff who I considered to be better informed, better qualified and more experienced in nursing than me. Indeed, such fears were substantiate when, during one shift recently, whereI attempted to delegate a task (see Appendix 2). This is an area that I intend to i mprove upon.ReferenceBarker, M.A. 1992. Transformational Nursing Leadership A vision for the future. Thompson Publisher. London.Currie, P. (2008) Ask the experts Delegation considerations for nursing practice, in Critical Care Nurse, 28(5), (pp27-28)Curtis, E. &038 Nicholl, H. (2004) Delegation A key function of nursing, in Nursing Management, 11(8), (pp26-31)Department of Health (2000) The NHS Plan A Plan for Investment. A Plan for Reform, London The Stationery OfficeDepartment of Health (2001) NHS Leadership Qualities Framework, Available online at http//www.dhleadershipqualities.nhs.uk Accessed March 20 2013Department of Health (2008) High Quality Care for All NHS Next Stage, Available online athttp//www.dh.gov.uk/en/Consultations/Liverconsultations/DH_085812Accessed 20 March 2013Ellis, J.R and Hartley, C.L., 2004. Nursing in todays world trends, issues &038 management 8th edition Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Faugier, J. &038 Woolnough, H. (2002) National nursing leadership programme, in Mental Health Practice, 6 (3) (pp28-34)Gopee, N. &038 Galloway, J. (2009) Leadership and Management in Healthcare, London SageHersey, P., Blanchard, K.H. &038 Johnson, D.E. (2001) Management of Organisational Behaviours Leading Human Resources, (8th edn), Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-HallHuston, C., 2006. Professional Issues in Nursing. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. USA.Huber, D.L. (2006) Leadership and Nursing Care Management, (4th edn), Maryland Heights Saunders ElsevierKings Fund (2011) The future of leadership and management in the NHS No more heroesReport from The Kings Fund Commission on Leadership and Management in the NHSLambert, R. &038 Githens-Mazer, J. (2010) Islamophobia and the Anti-Muslim hate Crime UK Case Studies 2010, Exeter University of ExeterMarquis, B.L. &038 Houston, C.J., 2000. Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing. 3rd edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins publishers. USA.Norman, I. &038, Ryrie, I., 2009 dev ice and Science of Mental Health Nursing A Textbook of Principles, Berkshire unbuttoned University Press/McGraw-hill EducationNursing and Midwifery Council. 2002a. The Code of Professional Conduct. London NMC.Nursing and Midwifery Council. 2008. The Code of Professional Conduct Standards for conduct, performance and ethics- Protecting the public through professional standards. London Nursing and Midwifery Council 2009. http//www.nmc-uk.org.Oliver, S. (2006) Leadership in health care, in Musculoskelet Care 4(1), (pp38-47)Royal College of Nursing (2011) Accountability and delegation What you need to know, Available online athttp//www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/361907/Accountability_HCA_leaflet_A5_final.pdf Accessed November 15 3012Sullivan, E.J. &038 Decker, P.J. (2009) Effective Leadership and Management in Nursing, (7th edn.), London Pearson International sportYoder-Wise, P.S., 2007. Leading and Managing in Nursing 4th edition. USA. Mosby Inc.Yoder-Wise, P.S. (2011) Le ading and Managing in Nursing, (5th edn), St. Louis Elsevier Mosby.http//education.exeter.ac.uk/dll/studyskills/harvard_referencing.htm manipulation this link to learn how to Harvard reference properly. Your referencing is inconsistent and you need to list pages when quoting or referring to a specific point. As a general rule though, the main trick with referencing is continuity, so make sure your references and bibliography are consistent.Appendix 1 SMART Goal Delegation skills development Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time To prioritise all my tasks and manage time effectively and efficiently in all shifts.Commuting between London and the university has taught me the value of time management. Time management will enable me to carry out other tasks and achieve goals.More to the point, time management will provide me with personal organisation and self-discipline, as recommended by Yoder-Wise (2011)Time management will be measurable as I will be able to identify whether the tasks set out on a specific shift have been successfully completed on time whenever Im taking over handover from night shift team members.Prioritisation is achievable by use of my diary which will contain all the tasks that need to be completed by the end of the day.Furthermore, prioritising will help me schedule tasks in the order of urgency. This will leave me room to tackle emergency situations that arise during the shift.Prioritisation is realistic because I realise that as a newly-qualified my responsibility will be to ensure that the shift runs smoothly.My diary will also be helpful as it will keep me reminded of the tasks I have to carry out and those which are still pending. In the case of pending tasks, being nonionized will give me sufficient time to involve staff who will be doing the next shift staff to complete them.Prioritising is an ongoing skill that I will have to keep learning during the first six months of qualifying and for the rest of my nursing career. Con fidence and assertiveness while delegating tasks to other members of staff.Once a delegated task has been successfully completed and goals achieved confidence in allocating tasks to members of staff will have worked for me.By receiving feedback and constructive criticism from members of staff once they have successfully accomplished the delegated tasks.Being organised and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with fellow members of staff will increase my feelings of induction that the shift will run smoothly relationship with staff.At the start of every shift I will allocate tasks to members of staff who have the competence, knowledge, time and willingness to carry them out and complete them. This is realistic because it will be my responsibility to manage shifts on the ward once I qualify.It will also be my duty to allocate or delegate tasks to members of staff.Likewise, during handover, I will ensure that I brief incoming staff on how the shift went and what remains to be done w hen they will be on shift.Based on my experience, so far, Im very hopeful that I will achieve this goal within six months after I qualify.Appendix 2. Service Improvement Activity- Notification Form Contact Details Student SID Number 0914451 Details of service improvement project/activityService user Rehabilitation unit managing self medication. Reason for developmentTo improve independent skills in managing medication for patients in rehabilitation centre so as to reduce the risk of relapse and to provide person centred care as well as empowering the service users. Time spent on project activityThe time spent on self medication informative project was about six weeks. Resources usedThe Trust policy, The risk assessment form, The patient consent form, The patient withdrawal form, self- administration monitor form (stages), self- administration patient record chart. Who was involved Nursing staff, doctors (MDT), apothecary , student (myself) and the service users. Future plans To rev iew the self- administration if it is effective at a set time. Nurses involved in supervision of the programme must be registered nurses.Date discussed with clinical staff in placement area (seen and agreed by my mentor Lorna Newton). And discussed with my IBL Facilitator Justin Nathan.